<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodà, Ferran</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in atmospheric deposition and streamwater chemistry over 25 years in undisturbed catchments in a Mediterranean mountain environment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Science of the total environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkalinity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base cations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamwater chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulphate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22200374</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">434</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18 - 27</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface water chemistry has changed in response to reduced atmospheric deposition of sulphur and acidity in many regions of Europe and North America. Most of these studies come from acidic or low-alkalinity surface waters under high acidic deposition. Mediterranean climates offer a different biogeochemical context, characterised by streamwaters of higher alkalinity and low acid inputs. In this paper, we use surveys of streamwater chemistry conducted in 1981-1984 and again in 2007 in the Montseny natural park (NE Spain) to test whether streamwaters of these well-buffered catchments respond to changes in atmospheric deposition, which has declined for S during the last decades in NE Spain while remaining about stable for nitrogen. The 23 sampled streams drained heathland, beech forests and evergreen oak forests in relatively undisturbed small catchments underlain by silicate bedrock. Bulk deposition of sulphate at Montseny decreased by 54% while nitrate bulk deposition increased (non-significantly) by 30% in this period. Total N deposition is estimated in the range 15-30 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) for NE Spain. This is well above threshold values (e.g. 10 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)) reported as starting nitrogen saturation symptoms in forest ecosystems in Europe. Baseflow sulphate concentrations decreased on average by 47 μeq L(-1) or 29% of early 1980s concentrations. Baseflow mean nitrate concentrations increased significantly but only from 5.5 to 8.9 μeq L(-1). Thus, despite decades of high N deposition, these ecosystems appear to be still far from N saturation. Baseflow alkalinity and base cation concentrations increased substantially, probably a combined result of decreased S deposition, enhanced silicate weathering under current higher temperatures, reduced plant cation uptake as vegetation matures, and slightly drier conditions in the survey of 2007. Overall, these well-buffered catchments have shown sizable changes in baseflow chemistry in response to changed atmospheric deposition and other environmental changes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 22200374</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trace metal fluxes in bulk deposition, throughfall and stemflow at two evergreen oak stands in NE Spain subject to different exposure to the industrial environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-180</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compare here the bulkdeposition, throughfall and stemﬂow ﬂuxes of dissolved trace metals in two holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests in the Montseny Mountains (NE Spain) with the aim of: (1) applying different methods to distinguish between dry deposition and canopy leaching and (2) to add to the almost non-existing deposition measurements for dissolved Cu, Pb, Mn, V, Zn, Ni and Cd in two Spanish forests differentially exposed to the urban and industrial environment. No signiﬁcant differences in mean bulkdeposition concentrations or ﬂuxes were found between sites, indicating little differential effect of the urban/industrial environment on bulkprecipitation chemistry. At both sites, throughfall and stemﬂow ﬂuxes increased relative to bulkdeposition for all elements, except for Zn and Cd. The relative contribution of leaching and dry deposition was evaluated through: (1) the seasonal variability of throughfall, (2) regressions of element ﬂuxes on water ﬂux in net throughfall, (3) washing branches and metacrylate plates, and (4) the sequential washing of branches. Results indicated that leaching was the main enrichment process for Mn. For Ni, except the sequential washings, all other evidences also pointed to leaching. For Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V there was ample evidence for dry deposition. The fact that Zn and Cd had negative net throughfall ﬂuxes indicated that canopy uptake was greater than deposition (wet plus dry). Net throughfall ﬂuxes pointed to higher dry deposition onto the canopies in the more exposed site, but the occurrence of uptake impeached quantiﬁcation. Therefore, dry deposition was estimated from the recovered quantities from experimental washings of foliage, taken to represent the impaction of small particles onto the canopy. The foliage-wash ﬂuxes were, for Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively, 407, 25 and 16 g ha 1 yr 1 at the sheltered site and 423, 38 and 26 g ha 1 yr 1 at the exposed site. Deposition in bulkprecipitation (wet deposition+an unknown fraction of dry deposition mostly accounted by coarse particles settling gravitationally) was lower: 222, 6.3 and 6.5 g ha 1 yr 1 for Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively, averaged for the two sites</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigo, Anselm</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trace metal fluxes in bulk deposition, throughfall and stemflow at two evergreen oak stands in NE Spain subject to different exposure to the industrial environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surrogate surfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">throughfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trace metals</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231003008562</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171 - 180</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compare here the bulkdeposition, throughfall and stemﬂow ﬂuxes of dissolved trace metals in two holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests in the Montseny Mountains (NE Spain) with the aim of: (1) applying different methods to distinguish between dry deposition and canopy leaching and (2) to add to the almost non-existing deposition measurements for dissolved Cu, Pb, Mn, V, Zn, Ni and Cd in two Spanish forests differentially exposed to the urban and industrial environment. No signiﬁcant differences in mean bulkdeposition concentrations or ﬂuxes were found between sites, indicating little differential effect of the urban/industrial environment on bulkprecipitation chemistry. At both sites, throughfall and stemﬂow ﬂuxes increased relative to bulkdeposition for all elements, except for Zn and Cd. The relative contribution of leaching and dry deposition was evaluated through: (1) the seasonal variability of throughfall, (2) regressions of element ﬂuxes on water ﬂux in net throughfall, (3) washing branches and metacrylate plates, and (4) the sequential washing of branches. Results indicated that leaching was the main enrichment process for Mn. For Ni, except the sequential washings, all other evidences also pointed to leaching. For Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V there was ample evidence for dry deposition. The fact that Zn and Cd had negative net throughfall ﬂuxes indicated that canopy uptake was greater than deposition (wet plus dry). Net throughfall ﬂuxes pointed to higher dry deposition onto the canopies in the more exposed site, but the occurrence of uptake impeached quantiﬁcation. Therefore, dry deposition was estimated from the recovered quantities from experimental washings of foliage, taken to represent the impaction of small particles onto the canopy. The foliage-wash ﬂuxes were, for Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively, 407, 25 and 16 g ha 1 yr 1 at the sheltered site and 423, 38 and 26 g ha 1 yr 1 at the exposed site. Deposition in bulkprecipitation (wet deposition+an unknown fraction of dry deposition mostly accounted by coarse particles settling gravitationally) was lower: 222, 6.3 and 6.5 g ha 1 yr 1 for Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively, averaged for the two sites</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigo, Anselm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodà, Ferran</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen circulation in a Mediterranean holm oak forest, La Castanya, Montseny, northeastern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology and Earth System …</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ammonium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bulk deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dry deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">la castanya</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montseny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">throughfall</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305215/</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">551 - 558</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk deposition, wet-only deposition, throughfall and dry deposition inferred from washing foliage and surrogate surfaces were used to describe inorganic N inputs to a forested catchment in the Montseny Mountains (La Castanya, Catalonia, Spain). Bulk inputs of inorganic N were moderate, with a mean of 5.7 kg N ha -1 yr -1 , ranging between 4 and 10 kg N ha -1 yr -1 for the period 1983 to 2000. Dry deposition fluxes estimated from washing branches added about 9 kg N ha -1 yr -1 to wet inputs and the total atmospheric deposition was estimated in 15 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . Despite this substantial input flux, nearly all the inorganic nitrogen was retained within the forest ecosystem: NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations decreased dramatically as water crossed the canopy and the soil profile. In the stream, at baseflow conditions, NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations were always below the analytical detection limit (&lt; 2 µeq L -1 ). Only briefly during peak flows did NO3 - concentrations increase up to 100 µeq L -1 . Averaged over 10 years (1984-1994), the export of N at the catchment outlet was 0.05 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . This indicates a very tight N cycling allowing for an increase of N availability in these undisturbed forest ecosystems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen circulation in a Mediterranean holm oak forest, La Castanya, Montseny, northeastern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology and Earth System …</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">551-558</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk deposition, wet-only deposition, throughfall and dry deposition inferred from washing foliage and surrogate surfaces were used to describe inorganic N inputs to a forested catchment in the Montseny Mountains (La Castanya, Catalonia, Spain). Bulk inputs of inorganic N were moderate, with a mean of 5.7 kg N ha -1 yr -1 , ranging between 4 and 10 kg N ha -1 yr -1 for the period 1983 to 2000. Dry deposition fluxes estimated from washing branches added about 9 kg N ha -1 yr -1 to wet inputs and the total atmospheric deposition was estimated in 15 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . Despite this substantial input flux, nearly all the inorganic nitrogen was retained within the forest ecosystem: NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations decreased dramatically as water crossed the canopy and the soil profile. In the stream, at baseflow conditions, NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations were always below the analytical detection limit (&lt; 2 µeq L -1 ). Only briefly during peak flows did NO3 - concentrations increase up to 100 µeq L -1 . Averaged over 10 years (1984-1994), the export of N at the catchment outlet was 0.05 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . This indicates a very tight N cycling allowing for an increase of N availability in these undisturbed forest ecosystems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soilwater chemistry in a holm oak ( Quercus ilex) forest: inferences on biogeochemical processes for a montane-Mediterranean area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution and free-flowing soilwater were sampled at various depths for 3 years in a plot of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). The soil solution retained at -65M kPa in the mineral soil at depths of 20 and 40 cm had a different chemistry from that of throughflow under the humic layer (H-layer throughflow) and, to a lesser extent, from deep subsurface flow. The dominant mobile anion in the soil solution and the deep flow was SO:-, whereas in the H-layer, SOi- was overridden by alkalinity. H-Layer throughflow chemistry was extremely variable, in consequence of the large number of biogeochemical processes affecting it (e.g. rainfall chemistry, dry deposition, leaching from canopy and litter, decomposition), and of the quantity of water available for transport of solutes. The chemistry of the soil solution was more predictable, as it was governed mainly by nutrient uptake, cation exchange reactions and the seasonal wetting and drying cycles. The chemistry of the deep subsurface flow was often intermediate between that of the soil solution and that of the H-layer throughflow; this suggested a mixture of displaced pre-event soil solution and of H-layer throughflow circulating through preferential flow paths. With humid antecedent conditions, the chemistry of the deep subsurface flow approached that of the soil solution. The cation concentration relationships in the soil solution were strongly linear. In a homogeneous soil, cation exchange theory predicts this to be expected only for cations of the same charge, whereas cations of different charges should follow power relationships. Our results, however, are consistent with a theoretical approach involving cation exchange reactions in a highly heterogeneous environment. Indeed, our study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of the soils, as the power relationship has been obscured completely. Soilwater chemistries were markedly different from those of streamwater, particularly under dry conditions. During baseflow, the stream is fed by groundwater, and the soils are probably disconnected from the stream. During humid periods, the chemistry of the streamwater tends toward that of the deep subsurface flow. Chemical hydrograph separation indicates that, on average, stormflow water comprises an approximately one to one mixture of groundwater and deep subsurface flow.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation, throughfall, soil solution and streamwater chemistry in a holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-183</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk precipitation, throughfall, soil solution at 20 and 40 cm depths, and stream water were monitored for 2–4 years in a holm-oak forest on schists in the Montseny Mountains (NE Spain). Bulk precipitation was mildly acidic, with Ca2+ and SO2−4 as dominant ions. Canopy interactions produced a throughfall less acidic than bulk precipitation and enriched in all other ions. Large amounts of K+ were leached from the canopy. Magnesium in net throughfall behaved similarly to K+, and it is concluded that leaching makes a major contribution to Mg2+ enrichment beneath the canopy. Judging from the moderate increase of Na+ and Ca2+ in throughfall, dry deposition rates for both marine and continental aerosols were low in the studied stand, probably because of its sheltered topographic position within a well-vegetated massif, coupled with moderate tree height and low canopy roughness. Soil solution in the mineral soil was less acidic than throughfall. In common with most temperate forests, SO2−4 was the dominant mobile anion in the soil water, being largely accompanied by Ca2+. Potassium and NO−3 were depleted within the soil water with respect to throughfall, probably owing to biological uptake and cation exchange, and incorporation of K+ into clay lattices. Subsurface flow dominated the hydrology of the small forested catchment studied. Stream water was basic and rich in bicarbonate. Its chemistry revealed fast rates of weathering of sodium- and magnesium-bearing silicates (mainly albite and chlorite, respectively). Soil respiration and silicate hydrolysis resulted in HCO−3 being the dominant mobile anion in stream water. Calcium to chloride ratios were similar in bulk precipitation and in stream water, indicating that Ca2+ release from weathering has been counteracted by plant uptake. Nutrient uptake by this aggrading forest strongly influences the solution dynamics of K+, NO3 and Ca2+. It is concluded that: (1) this forest does not currently receive acidic atmospheric deposition; (2) the neutralization capacity of the soil-bedrock system is quite high; (3) biotic regulation and silicate weathering are the major processes shaping the solution biogeochemistry in this Mediterranean forest ecosystem.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>