<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debussche, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isenmann, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIRD-DISPERSED SEED RAIN AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IN PATCHY MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OIKOS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bird dispersers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fleshy-fruited</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedlings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">414 - 426</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The composition and spatial patterns of the seed rain produced by bird dispersers and of the seedlings of fleshy-fruited plants have been studied in patchy Mediterranean vegetation in southern France. The seeds of fleshy-fruited plants were collected in seed traps during a 17-month period (1981-1983) and the fecal samples of bird dispersers mist-netted on the same 2.5-ha site over a 25-month period (1981-1984) were analysed. The locations of the 5 sets of seed traps and the 6 mist-nets were chosen in order to take into account the various plant communities and the successional gradient from old fields to Quercus ilex coppice. Seedling establishment of fleshy-fruited plants was censused in 1983 adjacent to the seed traps. In 1992 seedlings were again censused in the open coppice and in the old fields. The seeds of 38 fleshy-fruited plants were collected, including 13 alien and cultivated species. Among them, 25 species were dispersed by Sylvia atricapilla, which dispersed the most diverse and mixed seed rain of the various bird dispersers. Species richness of the seed rain increased log-linearly with seed density, ranging from 3 to 21 species per 0.25 m2. Seed density was very heterogeneous in space. The maximum density of seeds was observed under the canopy of isolated trees and saplings in the old fields (up to 829 per 0.25 m2) which are the favoured perching places for the dispersers. Minimum density was observed in the same old fields outside the canopy of these same trees and saplings (down to 12 per 0.25 m2). In the Quercus ilex coppice, the higher the canopy, the higher the seed density. Dispersal was a short distance process. A large majority of the seeds of Pyracantha coccinea and Sambucus nigra were dispersed by birds less than 100 m from the maternal plant. However, a dispersal distance of &gt; 300 m was observed for a seed of Ligustrum vulgare, In 1983 the &lt; 1 yr-old seedlings of 17 fleshy-fruited plants, including only one alien species, and the 1-2 yr-old seedlings of 7 native species were censused. Though important components of the seed rain, no 1-2 yr-old seedlings of several alien (e.g. Pyracantha coccinea) or native (e.g. Rhus coriaria) species were observed in the studied vegetation. Seedlings were more numerous under tree cover than in the coppice clearings. In the old fields, &lt; 1 yr-old seedlings were more numerous under the canopy than in open areas. No such difference was observed under saplings in 1983 and very few seedlings were observed in the old fields. The 1992 census suggested that the positive role of the cover of pioneer plants on seedling establishment progressively increased with successional development. This is probably due to an increase in the nurse effect and a decrease in the herbaceous cover under the canopy. It is suggested that. in old fields. the establishment of fleshy-fruited plants is favoured when seeds are deposited under pioneer woody plants rather than in open areas. The bird dispersers thus trigger dynamic processes initiated by the pioneer woody plants in Mediterranean old field succession. More generally, dispersal of fleshy-fruited plants by birds is more significant in the central stages of succession gradient than it is in open herbaceous communities and in dense forest when both have an homogeneous structure.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK&lt;br/&gt;publisher: MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debussche, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isenmann, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A MEDITERRANEAN BIRD DISPERSER ASSEMBLAGE - COMPOSITION AND PHENOLOGY IN RELATION TO FRUIT AVAILABILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REVUE D ECOLOGIE-LA TERRE ET LA VIE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">birds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dispersal system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evergreen woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">411 - 432</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study deals with a fleshy-fruited plant-bird dispersal system at a site in Mediterranean France, characterized by Quercus ilex coppices, shrublands and old fields. Among the 19 bird dispersers recorded, 14 were of small size (&lt; 25 g), with Sylvia atricapilla, Erithacus rubecula and S. melanocephala accounting for 86.6 % of those caught in mist nets. The importance of small-sized dispersers seems to characterize the Mediterranean shrublands and evergreen woodlands in the whole of the temperate systems. The highest numbers of dispersers occurred from October to January. The seeds of 38 fleshy-fuited plants (native, cultivated and alien) were collected in seed traps. Seed rain occurred throughout the year except in May, with a maximum fruiting period extending from September to early December and the greatest number of native species being dispersed in October. When we compare our data to those collected in Spain, England and Sweden a shift of the peak of fruit availability in relation to latitude (the higher the latitude the earlier the peak) is very likely in Europe. Such a shift is obvious in the United States. We suggest that 1) this shift is the result of climatic constraints on plants rather than that of the selective pressures of dispersers, and 2) that the coincidence between high fruit availability and dispersers' abundance can simply result from the opportunist behaviour of frugivorous birds.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keys: APSKeys: APSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 57 RUE CUVIER, 75005 PARIS 5, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: SOC NATL PROTECTION NATURE ACCLIMATATION FRANCE</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blondel, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isenmann, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maistre, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perret, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What are the consequences of being a downy oak (quercus pubescens) or a holm oak (Q. ilex) for breeding blue tits (Parus caeruleus)?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caterpillars</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leafing phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parus caeruleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus pubescens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/W8365WJ121686P80.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129 - 136</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">By comparison with deciduous oaks, the lower yearly production of new leaves in sclerophyllous oaks is hypothesized to have several consequences on animal communities. In particular, the production of arthropod communities that feed upon the leaves should be lower in sclerophyllous than in deciduous oaks, this causing changes in breeding patterns and the demographic balance in insectivorous birds. Studies in both deciduous and sclerophyllous habitats in southern France have shown that: 1) the spring development of new leaves occurs later and more slowly in sclerophyllous than in deciduous oaks, 2) the biomass of caterpillars is much lower in sclerophyllous oak forests, and 3)there is a large variation in life history traits of the Blue Tit depending in which type of habitat they breed. Laying date occurs later and clutch size is lower in sclerophyllous habitats than in deciduous habitats. The evolution of life history traits is discussed according to whether poor sclerophyllous habitats are isolated (e.g. on Corsica) or are parts of landscapes including both habitat types.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>