<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganteaume, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guijarro, Mercedes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jappiot, Marielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernando, Carmen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lampin-Maillet, Corinne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Gorostiaga, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vega, José a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory characterization of firebrands involved in spot fires</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Forest Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ember</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">firebrand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildfire</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s13595-011-0056-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">531 - 541</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&amp; Introduction Wildfires are considered the most important disturbance in the Mediterranean Basin, and some are propagated over long distances due to lift-off and ignition of firebrands. &amp; Objectives To improve our knowledge of firebrands involved in spotting fires, flammability characteristics of eight types of firebrands commonly generated by wildfires in Southern Europe were determined under laboratory conditions. &amp; Results All the firebrands tested showed 100% ignition frequency but with a wide range of time to ignition and flaming duration. Weight loss during combustion was exponentially related to time, and there was a decrease in the ratio of the weight at temperature T to the initial weight with increasing temperatures. In our experimental conditions, there was a significant effect of fuel moisture content on time to ignition, flaming duration, combustion and thermal decomposition. On the basis of the characteristics analysed, three firebrand groups have been identified in relation to spotting: heavy firebrands with ability to sustain flames, efficient for long-distance spotting (pine cones); light firebrands with high surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short-distance spotting (leaves and thin barks); and light firebrands with low surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short and, occasionally, long-distance spotting (all the other types of firebands).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaffhauser, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borgniet, Laurent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dumas, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estève, Roland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganteaume, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jappiot, Marielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Willy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N’Diaye, Aminata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poilvet, Benjamin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter flammability in oak woodlands and shrublands of southeastern France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire ignition hazard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-source ignition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710007024</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2214 - 2222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing the ﬂammability of litter fuels is of major importance for assessing wildland ﬁre ignition hazard. Here we compared the ﬂammability of litter within a mosaic of Quercus suber (cork oak) woodlands and shrublands in a Mediterranean ﬁre-prone area (Maures massif, southeastern France) to test whether the characteristics and the ﬂammability of litter vary with the vegetation types. We tested experimentally the ignitability, the sustainability, the combustibility and the consumability of undisturbed (=non-reconstructed) litter samples with a point-source mode of ignition. Although the frequency of ignition was similar between all the vegetation types, we distinguished four groups having litter of speciﬁc composition and ﬂammability: low and sparse shrublands dominated by Cistus species, medium shrublands with cork oak, high Erica shrublands with sparse cork oak woodlands, and mixed mature oak woodlands with Q. suber, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens. As these vegetation types corresponded to a speciﬁc range of past ﬁre recurrence, we also tested the effect of the number of ﬁres and the time since the last ﬁre on litter ﬂammability. Litters of plots recurrently burned had low ability to propagate ﬂames and low ﬂame sustainability. We discuss how the recent ﬁre history can modify vegetation and litter ﬂammability, and thus the ﬁre ignition hazard.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record></records></xml>