<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmona, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aviles, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological properties of cork container media</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HORTSCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">horticultural substrate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydraulic conductivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water release curves</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1235-1241</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Static hydrological properties \{[\}aeration capacity; easily available water, reserve water, water release curves: theta(v)(Psi(m)), and specific humidity curves] and dynamic hydrological properties (saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity) of substrates based on industrial cork residue (the bark of Quercus suber L.) and cork compost were studied. Samples of similar granulometry have been used to establish the effect of cork composting on the aforementioned physical properties. Different models were tested to describe the mechanism of water release from these materials. Van Genuchten's model (Van Genuchten, 1978) was the best fit and produced specific humidity curves that revealed slight differences in the ratio of water capacity function. When cork residues were composted for 7 months, important changes occurred in hydrological properties of the material as it became more wettable. Water retention significantly increased from 45% to 54%, at a potential of 5 kPa, although this did not necessarily result in increased water available to plants. A study of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K-unsat) of these materials revealed a significant decrease in the K-unsat water potential at 0-5 kPa, which corresponds to the range in which the irrigation with these substrates was usually carried out. The long composting process resulted in increased K-unsat between 4 and 5 times that of uncomposted material, which would improve the water supply to the plant.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmona, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roeber, RU</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen availability in composted cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA AND PLANT NUTRITION IN HORTICULTURE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growing media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N immobilization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-352</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-6605-988-5</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous studies showed that plants grown in fresh cork (Quercus suber&lt;br/&gt;L. bark) had a reduced growth compared with peat and low rates of N. In&lt;br/&gt;composted cork, however, plant growth was similar with those in peat,&lt;br/&gt;but the N content of plants was still slightly lower.&lt;br/&gt;The purpose of this study was to investigate N availability in fresh and&lt;br/&gt;composted cork during 4, 5.5 and 7 months, using peat as control medium.&lt;br/&gt;The substrates were also incubated at 25 degrees C during 60 days after&lt;br/&gt;adding 0.25, 1.0, 1.75 or 3.0 g ammonium nitrate per 1 of substrate.&lt;br/&gt;Samples were taken periodically to measure NO3-N, NH4-N and total N.&lt;br/&gt;Also the Nitrogen Drawdown Index (NDI) for the addition of 75 mg.l(-1) N&lt;br/&gt;and 150 mg.l(-1) N was measured after incubation at 25 degrees C.&lt;br/&gt;N immobilization rates were well correlated to NDI. NH and soluble N&lt;br/&gt;drawed down rapidly in cork substrates while total N stayed constant.&lt;br/&gt;High rates of ammonium nitrate should be added to maintain a constant&lt;br/&gt;level of available N to plants in cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behaviour of different horticultural species in phytotoxicity bioassays of bark substrates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia Horticulturae</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioassay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horticultural</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytotoxicity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">substrate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-132</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of forestry wastes (barks, sawdust, wood chips) as potting media components can involve serious problems of toxicity that must be evaluated. Evaluation methods may consist of analytic techniques to detect and quantify phytotoxic molecules, or rapid bioassays, with low technical requirements, using species sensitive to the toxic elements. These bioassays should be able to predict plant behaviour in real growing conditions. In this study we used as substrate cork oak bark (Quercus suber L.). This material, like other forestry wastes, contains phytotoxic phenolic compounds which can be washed out with hot water. The phenolic content of cork (C) and washed cork (WC) was measured, and two germination bioassays were carried out with eight horticultural species. In the first, aqueous extracts of cork (C) and washed cork (WC) obtained with water at 15°C and 70°C were used, and the second was done directly on the substrates. In addition, a seedling growing test was carried out with the same species. We concluded that tomato and lettuce are the most sensitive species, and the direct test on the substrate is recommended owing to its simplicity and close correspondence to growing conditions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmona, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characteristics of internal porosity of cork container media</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HORTSCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ash content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">particle density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">total porosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1177-1179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structure of cork (Quercus suber L.) bark presents a series of characteristics, suggesting that internal porosity is partly occluded. This study determined the porosity in the waste cork industry (C) and when such waste product had been composted during 4 (CC-4), 7 (CC-7), and 10.5 months (CC-10.5). The particle density of the intact and finely ground material differed significantly in all particle size ranges larger than 0.5 mm. The porosity of the cork substrates ranged from 80% to 94% of the total volume, according to granulometry and the degree of decomposition. However, large particles and less decomposed material with a high porosity had up to 10% of the total volume as occluded pores. The material's effective porosity varied slightly between the various particle sizes and degrees of decomposition, which ranged between 80% and 89%, having an average value of 85%. The ash content was highly correlated with the particle density of the finely ground material. Nevertheless, and due to occluded porosity, we cannot estimate the `'effective porosity'' from the ashes; therefore, we must resort to techniques that involve the displacement of a fluid, such as liquids or gas pycnometry or submersion.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovás, M T Aguado J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UTILIZACION DE LOS RESIDUOS DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL CORCHO COMO SUSTRATO HORTICOLA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial wastes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">substrate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-262</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has been studied the waste of the cork industry as a new horticultural substrat. Results about physical, chemical and biological analyses of cork are presented. Also it has been studied germination, rooting and growth of different horticultural and ornamental plants on cork as potting media</style></abstract></record></records></xml>