<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling farming system dynamics in High Nature Value Farmland under policy change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-144</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Understanding the factors driving changes in farm management is needed for designing policies and subsidy schemes to protect High Nature Value Farmland (HNVF). We describe farming system dynamics in HNVF of southern Portugal, between 2000–2002 and 2008–2010, encompassing a period of major policy transformations introduced by the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union in 2003. We also assess how farming system dynamics was modulated by structural, biophysical and policy factors constraining agricultural options. Farming systems changed in about 40% of the farmed area during the period of study. Overall, there was a marked transition from arable systems to either specialized livestock or permanent crop systems, involving major declines in the traditional system of dry cereal rotations and sheep grazing. Transitions were influenced by farm size, soil quality and coverage by open oak woodlands, while there was little effect of agri-environment schemes and legal regulations specifically targeted to support the traditional farming system. Despite these changes, agricultural intensity remained essentially stable, though there was a marked decline in land-use heterogeneity with likely negative impacts on biodiversity. Observed changes agree with ex-ante impact assessments of the CAP reform in Iberian cereal steppes, which suggested that decoupling of payments from production could promote shifts from the traditional cereal–fallow–sheep system towards specialized livestock grazing systems. Effectively protecting HNFV may thus require a better integration of horizontal policies and agri-environment schemes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 1 ( Modelling farming system dynamics in High Nature Value Farmland under policy change - Ribeiro, Paulo Flores; Santos, José Lima; Bugalho, Miguel N.; Santana, Joana; Reino, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Moreira, Francisco )</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 1 ( Modelling farming system dynamics in High Nature Value Farmland under policy change - Ribeiro, Paulo Flores; Santos, José Lima; Bugalho, Miguel N.; Santana, Joana; Reino, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Moreira, Francisco )</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishing grazing and grazing-excluded patches increases plant and invertebrate diversity in a Mediterranean oak woodland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2133-2139</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing is a global, dominant land use affecting biodiversity and ecosystem processes. In Mediterranean ecosystems grazing is a major ecological and evolutionary driver but, surprisingly, there is little information on the use of grazing as a tool to manage biodiversity in these ecosystems. We conducted an experiment to assess if establishing grazing and small scale grazing-excluded areas would increase plant and invertebrate diversity in a Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland. Plant community traits were different between treatments. Biomass of herbs (176.7±18.3 gm−2 vs 100.4±10.6 gm−2) and litter (291.0±38.3 gm−2 vs 186.8±26.4 gm−2), as well as the total cover of legumes (0.83±0.05 vs 0.91±0.03) were higher, and the proportion of bare ground (0.83±0.05 vs 0.91±0.03) was lower, in ungrazed plots. There were no differences in the number of plant species between treatments. Some plant species and invertebrate taxa were recorded exclusively in grazed or ungrazed plots. Invertebrate detritivores and sap sucking insects were more abundant in ungrazed plots. Ant assemblages were functionally different between treatments: Honeydew-gatherer ants were associated with ungrazed and higher plant biomass plots, and seed-eaters as well as aggressive predator ant species were associated with grazed, open habitat, plots. Management practices that maintain grazing and small scale grazing-excluded areas can increase habitat heterogeneity and promote herbaceous plant and invertebrate diversity at the local level.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The composition of the diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: a case of summer nutritional constraint?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-29</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The composition of the diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment, in southern Portugal, was estimated during summer 1995–1997 using n-alkane analysis. Standing crop of herbage layer biomass was estimated between June and September 1995–1997 using the clipping quadrat method. There was a large variability between years in the availability of the herbage layer biomass. Biomass was three fold greater and availability of legumes higher in a wet than in a dry year. Live green material was available in the herbage layer in June, but not thereafter, even during a wet year. Red deer ingested a higher proportion of browse in summer during drier years (0.83–0.89) than during a wet year (0.47). In the drier years, the herbage layer was replaced in the diet by browse species that were uneaten in the wet year. Contrary to Atlantic environments, where red deer include a large proportion of browse in their diets during winter, summer is likely to be a season of nutritional constraint for red deer inhabiting Mediterranean environments</style></abstract></record></records></xml>