<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radial variation of wood density components and ring width in cork oak trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of forest science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">– The radial variation of ring width and wood density was studied in cork oaks (Quercus suber) using microdensitometry. The observations were made in young never debarked cork oaks (30–40 years of age) and in mature trees under cork production (37–60 years of age). The cork oak wood is very dense (mean ring density 0.86 g.cm−3 , between 0.79 g.cm−3 and 0.97 g.cm−3 ) with a small intra-ring variability (mean earlywood density 0.80 g.cm−3 and latewood density 0.90 g.cm−3 ). The density components decreased from pith to bark more rapidly until the 15th ring, and then only slightly. There were no signiﬁcant diﬀerences in the mean density components between never debarked trees and trees under cork production but their outwards decrease was accentuated in the never debarked trees. The annual growth was high, with a ring width mean of 3.9 mm (4.2 mm in the ﬁrst 30 years) and the latewood represented 57% of the annual growth.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holzforschung</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-493</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation; with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols and ferulic acid. Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality characterization of wine cork stoppers using computer vision</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIGNE ET VIN PUBLICATIONS INT</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42 RUE MARSAN, 33300 BORDEAUX, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image analysis techniques were applied on the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and lateral cylindrical surface) of seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. An increasing trend from the best to the worst quality classes was found for features related to area of pores (i.e. maximum length and width or pore maximum area) and concentration variables (i.e. porosity coefficient or number of pores per 100 cm(2)). Shape variables were rather constant and mean values showed no differences between quality classes. Variation of the pores characteristics within each quality class was large especially in the mid-quality range. Therefore there were no statistically significant differences to allow the isolation of the all quality classes and overlapping was particularly important in the medium-quality classes. The reduction of grading into only three quality classes allowed to isolate statistically different subsets based on porosity coefficient and number of pores per 100 cm(2). These variables can be selected for further development into quality grades specification of wine cork stoppers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of cork-stripping damage on diameter growth of Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) agro-forestry system is oriented towards cork production, with cork being extracted from tree stem and branches as planks by cutting with an axe and stripping off. The effect of damage to the tree during cork stripping was studied in cork oaks, weakened by wounding, by following the diameter growth and its seasonality during a 9-year production cycle, and comparing them with healthy cork oaks. Tree wounding decreased diameter growth during the following cycle, e.g. 8.5 mm a−1 and 9.8 mm a−1 for weakened and healthy trees, respectively, mostly in the 2 years immediately following the cork stripping. The beginning of annual growth in spring and the occurrence of the highest increments in June–August were delayed by about 1 month in the weakened trees. The cork produced by weakened trees was reduced by 13 per cent in thickness, with average cork ring widths of 3.3 mm a−1 vs. 3.8 mm a−1 for healthy trees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/forestry/77.1.1</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/forestry/77.1.1</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of cork-stripping damage on diameter growth of Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://forestry.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/1/1.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) agro-forestry system is oriented towards cork production, with cork being extracted from tree stem and branches as planks by cutting with an axe and stripping off. The effect of damage to the tree during cork stripping was studied in cork oaks, weakened by wounding, by following the diameter growth and its seasonality during a 9-year production cycle, and comparing them with healthy cork oaks. Tree wounding decreased diameter growth during the following cycle, e.g. 8.5 mm a−1 and 9.8 mm a−1 for weakened and healthy trees, respectively, mostly in the 2 years immediately following the cork stripping. The beginning of annual growth in spring and the occurrence of the highest increments in June–August were delayed by about 1 month in the weakened trees. The cork produced by weakened trees was reduced by 13 per cent in thickness, with average cork ring widths of 3.3 mm a−1 vs. 3.8 mm a−1 for healthy trees.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/forestry/77.1.1</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of cork removal on the radial growth and phenology of young cork oak trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-258</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3512136346</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of the removal of cork was studied in 11-years old cork oak trees (Quercus suber L.), growing in favorable conditions, in relation to phenology and radial growth during two years. Longevity of leaves was 14±15 months (1996, 1998) and 10 months (1997). Bud burst started in mid-February and leaf ¯ushing in April, extending until June. Neither a distinct two-period ¯ushing nor an autumn bud burst or leaf ¯ushing were observed. Radial growth started in mid-April and continued until the end of November, with the maximum growth in June and July. In trees with the removal of cork, leaf abscission occurred a little earlier and new branches had on average 23% fewer new leaves. The radial growth of the trees and its general seasonal pattern were not affected by cork removal in the year of removal or in the year after. The only observation was a shift of the maximum radial growth rate from June to July for the trees where cork had been removed</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of cork growth and quality in one region of production.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between toe and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural characterization of cork lignin by thioacidolysis and permanganate oxidation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L. milled cork lignins obtained from extractive-free cork (MCL) and from saponified cork (MCLsap) were characterized by thioacidolysis and KMnO4 oxidation. These techniques and the previously used analytical pyrolysis revealed that cork contains a guaiacyl lignin (G lignin) with 94-96% guaiacyl-, ca. 3% syringyl-, and 2-3% of 4-hydroxyphenyl propane units. The total yields of degradation products in thioacidolysis and KMnO4 oxidation experiments were lower in comparison to those of a spruce milled wood lignin (MWLspruce) suggesting a higher cross-linking in the G-lignin of cork. The higher frequency of ``condensed{''} structures (having C-C or C-O-C linkages to aromatic rings) in cork lignin was also manifested in the relative abundance of various aromatic acids obtained by KMnO4 oxidation. The cork lignin (MCLsap) contains only low amounts (ca. 2%) of covalently bonded suberinic acids. Numerous free aliphatic suberinic acids were detected and identified in the ether soluble part of MCLsap. Ferulic acid was not liberated by thioacidolysis, pointing at an in situ acylation. We suggest that the major part of the aromatic domain in cork is a G-lignin but that it includes also another structural moiety with higher H-unit content and linked by thioacidolysis resistant bonds.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of suberin components in cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suberin fraction of wax-free cork. With this method, hydrolysis of esters together with methylation of carboxylic and hydroxylic groups was observed. Mostly long chain aliphatic components, such as alkanols, alkanoic acids, v-hydroxyacids, v,v-alkanoic diacids, and several 9,10-epoxy and 9,10-dihydroxy forms have been found in keeping with results of other workers in the ﬁeld. Two other components that may give a more complete view of the architecture of suberin were also found, namely the phenolic compound ferulic acid, and glycerol which is probably esteriﬁed to carboxylic groups of the aliphatic building units of suberin</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM TREATMENT AT 100-DEGREES-C-150-DEGREES-C ON STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AND COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR OF CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-232</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of heating of cork in air at 100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C&lt;br/&gt;for up to 42 days have been studied. Dimensional and mass changes&lt;br/&gt;induced by heat treatment were measured and the chemical composition was&lt;br/&gt;analysed. The thermal degradation of cork is small for short periods of&lt;br/&gt;treatment but increases with time and temperature. Cork looses after 42&lt;br/&gt;days of treatment 6.8 % of its mass at 100-degrees-C and 19.9 % at&lt;br/&gt;150-degrees-C. Cork extractives and polysaccharides were found to be the&lt;br/&gt;most temperature labile components. The cellular structure, observed by&lt;br/&gt;scanning electron microscopy, did not change with treatment in these&lt;br/&gt;conditions. Compression curves of untreated and heat treated cork&lt;br/&gt;samples were obtained, which show an increase of compression strength&lt;br/&gt;upon heating for short exposure periods and a decrease for longer ones.&lt;br/&gt;The changes observed in the compression behaviour of cork treated at&lt;br/&gt;100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C were related to the chemical composition&lt;br/&gt;changes induced by heat treatment.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of raw-material quality and process parameters in the production of insulation cork agglomerates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301-308</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{Insulation cork agglomerates are produced with different low-cost raw-materials unsuitable for other products: virgin corks (from prunmgs, thinnings anti dead trees), reproduction corks (refuse and underaged) and industrial byproducts (corkback strips). These materials were analysed in relation to chemical composition, struc- ture and trituration behaviour. The industrial byproducts diffcr significantly from the other materials due to the presence of an important amount of the unsubcriscd lignocellulosic phlocm (the back of the corkboards) in a way that is detrimental to the agglomeration process. The influence of raw-material, granulometry and process parameters (time, temperature and pressure} were studied using an experimental autoclave. Temperature is the deter- mining factor for agglomeration. Insufficient adhesion is obtained under 230 ~C and adequate agglomeration is attained only with temperatures in the range 230 300 &quot;C. corresponding to inass losses of 10 25%.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF GROWTH-RATE ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA BULLETIN</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RIJKSHERBARIUM, PO BOX 9514, 2300 LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork samples with an age of 9 years and with different growth rates, corresponding to calibre classes `small', `medium' and `large', were observed by scanning electron microscopy and tested mechanically in compression. Differences in calibre correspond to different widths of annual growth rings; widths differ because both the number of cells produced per year and cell dimensions differ. For instance, small and large calibre cork had, respectively, 50 and 151 cells in one row of an annual growth ring, with an average prism height of 32.6 and 39.8 mum. The stress-strain curves obtained in compression parallel to the three main directions showed that cork with the higher growth rate (large calibre) has lower strength in compression for all strains and lower Young's moduli.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The thermochemical degradation of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-269</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The thermochemical degradation of cork from Quercus suber L. was studied in the temperature range 150 ~ ~ in relation to mass loss, chemical composition and the influ- ence on the cellular structure. The degradation of cork is strongly dependent on temperature and mass losses become significant at 200~ (15% of initial dry weight) and increase rapidly for higher temperatures (27% at 250 ~ 49% at 300 ~ 62% at 350 ~ until ashing at 450 ~ The polysaccharides are the most heat sensitive components: at 200 ~ hemicelluloses disappear and cellulose is degraded to a considerable extent. Suberin is more resistant and degradation starts at approx. 250~ 300~ samples only contain 7% suberin. The cellular structure of cork is also significantly influenced by temperature. Upon heating, cells expand and the cell walls stretch, attaining at 250~ a maximum cell volume increase corresponding to a factor of approximately 2. Above 300 ~ the structure of cell walls is considerably changed and show profound physical damage; in the later stages of pyrolysis, a cellular structure is no longer observed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning electron microscopy observations of insulation cork agglomerates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Science and Engineering: A</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-225</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations by scanning electron microscopy were made of insulation cork agglomerates and of cork raw material. The insulation cork agglomerates are agglomerates of granules of cork from the cork-oak tree (Quercus suber), self-bonded and expanded by autoclave steaming at approximately 300°C and 40 kPa. In this process, the cork cells expand by unfolding the cell wall corrugations and by stretching the cell walls (concurrently decreasing the cell wall thickness). In the junctions between granules, the cells are compressed against each other and collapsed; the region of cell collapse is restricted to a limited number of cell layers at the boyndary between the granules. The cell wall material is thermochemically degraded and a weight loss of approximately 30% of the cork material is observed in the production of these insulation agglomerates.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical composition and variability of cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of cork from Quercus suber L. was determined for virgin cork and for reproduction cork. Average chemical composition of virgin cork is: ash 0.7%, total extractives 15.3%, suberin 38.6%, lignin 21.7% and polysaccharides 18.2%. The carbo- hydrate composition shows that glucose represents 50.6% of all monosaccharides, xylose 35.0%~ arabinose 7.0% and galactose and mannose, respectively, 3.6% and 3.4%. Reproduction cork has a composition similar to virgin cork. For the cases studied, reproduction cork had however less extractives and a higher amount of suberin. Significant differences were found for the chemical composition of virgin cork in relation to location of extractives and polysaccharide content. The between-tree variability was large and a variation within the tree was also recorded.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>