<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagnano, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amoriello, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badiani, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballarin-Denti, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buffoni, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castagna, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cieslik, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costantini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Marco, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerosa, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorenzini, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manes, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merola, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nali, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paoletti, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petriccione, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Racalbuto, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rana, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranieri, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagliaferri, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vialetto, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitale, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions--what does not work? A review from Italy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AOTx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical levels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatal flux</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">648-658</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone (O3) exposure at Italian background sites exceeds UN/ECE concentration-based critical levels (CLe(c)), if expressed in terms of AOT40. Yet the occurrence of adverse effects of O3 on forests and crops is controversial. Possible reasons include (i) ability of response indicators to provide an unbiased estimate of O3 effects, (ii) setting of current CLe(c) in terms of cut-off value and accumulation level, (iii) response functions adopted to infer a critical level, (iv) environmental limitation to O3 uptake and (v) inherent characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. In particular, the two latter points suggest that critical levels based on accumulated stomatal flux (CLe(f)) can be a better predictor of O3 risk than CLe(c). While this concept is largely acknowledged, a number of factors may limit its applicability for routine monitoring. This paper reviews levels, uptake and vegetation response to O3 in Italy over recent years to discuss value, uncertainty and feasibility of different approaches to risk assessment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16889878</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air pollution, forest condition and forest decline in Southern Europe: an overview.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollution climate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the last decades much of the work on the impact of air pollution on forests in Europe has concentrated on central and northern countries. The southern part of Europe has received far less attention, although air pollutants-especially the photochemical ones-can reach concentrations likely to have adverse effects on forest vegetation. Although international forest condition surveys present serious problems where data consistency is concerned, they reveal considerable year-by-year species-specific fluctuations rather than a large-scale forest decline. Cases of obvious decline related to environmental factors are well circumscribed: (1) the deterioration of some coastal forests due to the action of polluted seaspray; (2) the deterioration of reforestation projects, especially conifers, mainly due to the poor ecological compatibility between species and site; and (3) the decline of deciduous oaks in southern Italy and of evergreen oaks in the Iberian peninsula apparently due to the interaction of climate stresses and pests and diseases. However, besides obvious deterioration, changes in environmental factors can provoke situations of more subtle stress. The most sensitive stands are Mediterranean conifer forests and mesophile forests of the Mediterranean-montane plane growing at the edges of the natural ecological distribution. Evergreen sclerophyllous forests appear less sensitive to variations in climatic parameters, since they can adapt quite well to both drought and the action of UV-B rays. Several experiments were carried out to test the sensitivity of Mediterranean forest species to air pollutants. Most of those experiments used seedlings of different species treated with pollutant concentrations too high to be realistic, so it is difficult to derive adequate information on the response of adult trees in field conditions. Ozone has been proved to cause foliar injury in a variety of native forest species in different Southern European countries, while the effects of other pollutants (e.g. nitrogen, sulphur, acidic deposition) are less obvious and likely to be very localized. In the case of ozone, visible symptoms were almost completely missed by large-scale surveys and-at the same time-non-visible symptoms are suspected to be even more widespread than the visible ones. Owing to this and to the complex relationships existing between species sensitivity, ozone exposure and doses, length of the vegetative periods, influence of climatic and edaphic condition on the tree's response, the impacted areas are yet to be identified. Therefore, the large-scale impact of air pollutants on the forests of Southern Europe remains largely unknown, until more specific investigations are carried out.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15093098</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>