<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagnano, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amoriello, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badiani, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballarin-Denti, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buffoni, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castagna, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cieslik, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costantini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Marco, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerosa, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorenzini, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manes, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merola, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nali, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paoletti, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petriccione, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Racalbuto, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rana, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranieri, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagliaferri, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vialetto, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitale, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions--what does not work? A review from Italy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AOTx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical levels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatal flux</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">648-658</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone (O3) exposure at Italian background sites exceeds UN/ECE concentration-based critical levels (CLe(c)), if expressed in terms of AOT40. Yet the occurrence of adverse effects of O3 on forests and crops is controversial. Possible reasons include (i) ability of response indicators to provide an unbiased estimate of O3 effects, (ii) setting of current CLe(c) in terms of cut-off value and accumulation level, (iii) response functions adopted to infer a critical level, (iv) environmental limitation to O3 uptake and (v) inherent characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. In particular, the two latter points suggest that critical levels based on accumulated stomatal flux (CLe(f)) can be a better predictor of O3 risk than CLe(c). While this concept is largely acknowledged, a number of factors may limit its applicability for routine monitoring. This paper reviews levels, uptake and vegetation response to O3 in Italy over recent years to discuss value, uncertainty and feasibility of different approaches to risk assessment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16889878</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonini, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celesti, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cenni, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiarucci, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cozzi, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Dominicis, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grossoni, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leonzio, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-term changes of response indicators of ecosystem status in broadleaved forests in Tuscany (central Italy)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crown condition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crown productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Permanent plots</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">response indicators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">351-356</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The status of different response indicators of forest condition were measured and assessed between 1995 and 1997 at 6 Permanent Monitoring Plots (PMPs) in Tuscany (central Italy), where beech, holm oak and Turkey oak are the most frequent tree species. Foliage transparency, leaf damage and crown dieback have changed significantly over the monitoring period. Leaf area, length of the current year shoots, and total leaf area changed as well, but only for Turkey oak. Changes were consistent between and within the plots. Different indices of plant diversity showed marked changes, apparently linked to natural dynamics within individual ecosystems. These rapid and contrasting fluctuations in the various indicators of forest ecosystem make it difficult to derive a synthesis about the general condition of ecosystems and - especially - about the effects of air pollution.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Air pollution, forest condition and forest decline in Southern Europe: an overview.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollution climate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the last decades much of the work on the impact of air pollution on forests in Europe has concentrated on central and northern countries. The southern part of Europe has received far less attention, although air pollutants-especially the photochemical ones-can reach concentrations likely to have adverse effects on forest vegetation. Although international forest condition surveys present serious problems where data consistency is concerned, they reveal considerable year-by-year species-specific fluctuations rather than a large-scale forest decline. Cases of obvious decline related to environmental factors are well circumscribed: (1) the deterioration of some coastal forests due to the action of polluted seaspray; (2) the deterioration of reforestation projects, especially conifers, mainly due to the poor ecological compatibility between species and site; and (3) the decline of deciduous oaks in southern Italy and of evergreen oaks in the Iberian peninsula apparently due to the interaction of climate stresses and pests and diseases. However, besides obvious deterioration, changes in environmental factors can provoke situations of more subtle stress. The most sensitive stands are Mediterranean conifer forests and mesophile forests of the Mediterranean-montane plane growing at the edges of the natural ecological distribution. Evergreen sclerophyllous forests appear less sensitive to variations in climatic parameters, since they can adapt quite well to both drought and the action of UV-B rays. Several experiments were carried out to test the sensitivity of Mediterranean forest species to air pollutants. Most of those experiments used seedlings of different species treated with pollutant concentrations too high to be realistic, so it is difficult to derive adequate information on the response of adult trees in field conditions. Ozone has been proved to cause foliar injury in a variety of native forest species in different Southern European countries, while the effects of other pollutants (e.g. nitrogen, sulphur, acidic deposition) are less obvious and likely to be very localized. In the case of ozone, visible symptoms were almost completely missed by large-scale surveys and-at the same time-non-visible symptoms are suspected to be even more widespread than the visible ones. Owing to this and to the complex relationships existing between species sensitivity, ozone exposure and doses, length of the vegetative periods, influence of climatic and edaphic condition on the tree's response, the impacted areas are yet to be identified. Therefore, the large-scale impact of air pollutants on the forests of Southern Europe remains largely unknown, until more specific investigations are carried out.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15093098</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bussotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferretti, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cozzi, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crown status of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) trees as related to phenology and environmental stress</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water, Air, &amp; Soil …</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abscission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crown condition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holm oak (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaves</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1269-1274</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to study the possible interactions between air pollution and climate coaditions in Mediterranean evergream broadleaf species, since 1987 we have been monitoring the annual and infra-annual variations in crown density of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) in a permanent sample plot. The behaviour of crown density has been compared with litterfall pattern and aging processes in leaves. The results of this study confirm the important impact of climate on crown condition in Meditea-raneeaa broadleaves, so that even the role of non- acute pollution can be disguised. Xeromorph adaptations in holm oak leaves are also a mechanism providing a greater protection against poltutants.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>