<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Oak Vulnerability to Fire: The Role of Bark Harvesting, Tree Characteristics and Abiotic Factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e39810</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest ecosystems where periodical tree bark harvesting is a major economic activity may be particularly vulnerable to disturbances such as fire, since debarking usually reduces tree vigour and protection against external agents. In this paper we asked how cork oak Quercus suber trees respond after wildfires and, in particular, how bark harvesting affects post-fire tree survival and resprouting. We gathered data from 22 wildfires (4585 trees) that occurred in three southern European countries (Portugal, Spain and France), covering a wide range of conditions characteristic of Q. suber ecosystems. Post-fire tree responses (tree mortality, stem mortality and crown resprouting) were examined in relation to management and ecological factors using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Results showed that bark thickness and bark harvesting are major factors affecting resistance of Q. suber to fire. Fire vulnerability was higher for trees with thin bark (young or recently debarked individuals) and decreased with increasing bark thickness until cork was 3–4 cm thick. This bark thickness corresponds to the moment when exploited trees are debarked again, meaning that exploited trees are vulnerable to fire during a longer period. Exploited trees were also more likely to be top-killed than unexploited trees, even for the same bark thickness. Additionally, vulnerability to fire increased with burn severity and with tree diameter, and was higher in trees burned in early summer or located in drier south-facing aspects. We provided tree response models useful to help estimating the impact of fire and to support management decisions. The results suggested that an appropriate management of surface fuels and changes in the bark harvesting regime (e.g. debarking coexisting trees in different years or increasing the harvesting cycle) would decrease vulnerability to fire and contribute to the conservation of cork oak ecosystems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaffhauser, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Véla, Errol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatoni, Thierry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recurrent fires and environment shape the vegetation in Quercus suber L. woodlands and maquis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comptes rendus biologies</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acidic soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erica arborea L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire recurrence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant communities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants: classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721564</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424 - 434</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of fire recurrence on vegetation patterns in Quercus suber L. and Erica-Cistus communities in Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems of south-eastern France were examined on stands belonging to 5 fire classes, corresponding to different numbers of fires (from 0 to 4) and time intervals between fires since 1959. A common pool of species was identified among the plots, which was typical of both open and closed maquis. Fire recurrence reduced the abundance of trees and herbs, whereas it increased the abundance of small shrubs. Richness differed significantly between the most contrasting classes of fire recurrence, with maximal values found in control plots and minimal values in plots that had burned recurrently and recently. Equitability indices did not vary significantly, in contrast to Shannon's diversity index which mostly correlated with richness. Forest ecosystems that have burnt once or twice in the last 50 years were resilient; that is to say they recovered a biomass and composition similar to that of the pre-fire state. However, after more than 3-4 fires, shrubland communities displayed lower species richness and diversity indices than unburned plots. The time since the last fire and the number of fires were the most explanatory fire variables, governing the structure of post-fire plant communities. However, environmental factors, such as slope or exposure, also made a significant contribution. Higher rates of fire recurrence can affect the persistence or expansion of shrublands in the future, as observed in other Mediterranean areas.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 22721564</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaffhauser, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borgniet, Laurent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dumas, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estève, Roland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganteaume, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jappiot, Marielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Willy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N’Diaye, Aminata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poilvet, Benjamin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter flammability in oak woodlands and shrublands of southeastern France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire ignition hazard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-source ignition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710007024</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2214 - 2222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing the ﬂammability of litter fuels is of major importance for assessing wildland ﬁre ignition hazard. Here we compared the ﬂammability of litter within a mosaic of Quercus suber (cork oak) woodlands and shrublands in a Mediterranean ﬁre-prone area (Maures massif, southeastern France) to test whether the characteristics and the ﬂammability of litter vary with the vegetation types. We tested experimentally the ignitability, the sustainability, the combustibility and the consumability of undisturbed (=non-reconstructed) litter samples with a point-source mode of ignition. Although the frequency of ignition was similar between all the vegetation types, we distinguished four groups having litter of speciﬁc composition and ﬂammability: low and sparse shrublands dominated by Cistus species, medium shrublands with cork oak, high Erica shrublands with sparse cork oak woodlands, and mixed mature oak woodlands with Q. suber, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens. As these vegetation types corresponded to a speciﬁc range of past ﬁre recurrence, we also tested the effect of the number of ﬁres and the time since the last ﬁre on litter ﬂammability. Litters of plots recurrently burned had low ability to propagate ﬂames and low ﬂame sustainability. We discuss how the recent ﬁre history can modify vegetation and litter ﬂammability, and thus the ﬁre ignition hazard.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, Thomas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La gestion des taillis de chênes vert et pubescent dans les garrigues du Gard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingénieries EAT</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chêne pubescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chêne vert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conditions geopedologiques (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">croissance en hauteur</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrigue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peuplements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taillis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71 - 84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medium term management of ageing Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) coppices in the Gard requires a thorough understanding of the natural environments and yields of the plantations. This paper puts forward a method for analysing the environment and plantation in order to assess the yield of the oak coppices. 118 small stands were studied in different types of coppices. In general, two environmental parameters determined the dominant height of the stand: geopedological conditions (rock, parent material and soil) and topoclimate which depends on the position of the plantation (orientation and topography). The growth height is affected by the structure and composi- tion of the plantation, together with the forestry and plant growth characteristics. Multivariate ana- lyses enabled 9 types and sub-types of sites to be distinguished with particular environmental con- ditions (soil and topoclimate). The type of site is closely correlated to the variation in the dominant height of the plantations. Growth classes are proposed for the Holm Oak (3 classes) and the Downy Oak (4 classes). These results should assist plantation management selection: the best coppices should possibly be allowed to develop as standards, plantations of average fertility should be treated as simple coppices, coppices with low growth rate should be allowed to grow on. 83</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La gestion des taillis de chênes vert et pubescent dans les garrigues du Gard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingénieries EAT</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medium term management of ageing Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) coppices in the Gard requires a thorough understanding of the natural environments and yields of the plantations. This paper puts forward a method for analysing the environment and plantation in order to assess the yield of the oak coppices. 118 small stands were studied in different types of coppices. In general, two environmental parameters determined the dominant height of the stand: geopedological conditions (rock, parent material and soil) and topoclimate which depends on the position of the plantation (orientation and topography). The growth height is affected by the structure and composi- tion of the plantation, together with the forestry and plant growth characteristics. Multivariate ana- lyses enabled 9 types and sub-types of sites to be distinguished with particular environmental con- ditions (soil and topoclimate). The type of site is closely correlated to the variation in the dominant height of the plantations. Growth classes are proposed for the Holm Oak (3 classes) and the Downy Oak (4 classes). These results should assist plantation management selection: the best coppices should possibly be allowed to develop as standards, plantations of average fertility should be treated as simple coppices, coppices with low growth rate should be allowed to grow on. 83</style></abstract></record></records></xml>