<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DELPIERRE, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOUDANI, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">François, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Maire, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BERNHOFER, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kutsch, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Misson, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rambal, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vesala, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dufrêne, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantifying the influence of climate and biological drivers on the interannual variability of carbon exchanges in European forests through process-based modelling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon exchanges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem functional properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interannual variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process-based model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192311003091</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">154-155</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99 - 112</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is necessary to increase our understanding of the inﬂuence of climate and biological drivers on the interannual variations in carbon (C) exchange between forests and the atmosphere. To this aim, a processbasedmodel(CASTANEA) was used for simulating C exchanges over four European forests, encompassing a broad latitudinal gradient (from Mediterranean to boreal climate zones), for the years 2000–2007. CASTANEA reproduced 74–95% of the daily and 35–84% of the annual variance in daytime net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Constrained simulations allowed us to isolate the individual contributions of climatic drivers (radiation, temperature and relative humidity), hydrological drivers (soil water) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, the thermal acclimation of photosynthetic capacities in evergreens, and vegetative and microbial C pools) to the anomalies in C exchange for timescales ranging from daily to annual. Orthonormal wavelet transformation of these single-contribution time series allowed us to quantify the individual drivers’ inﬂuences on ﬂux variance across time scales. High frequency departures from mean annual C exchange patterns were mostly caused by hydroclimate modulations (87–99% of the ﬂux variance from daily to weekly scales). The integration of these anomalies at the annual scale yielded a higher contribution of biological drivers: we identiﬁed a primary controller of gross primary production (GPP) variations through modulations of soil water in both the Mediterranean Quercus ilex and the temperate Fagus sylvatica forests; we also identiﬁed at the annual scale a complex determinism for both coniferous sites, with an unexpectedly higher contribution of the thermal acclimation driver at the temperate (warmer) site. Although all but one site experienced structural perturbations during the study period, interannual variations in ecosystem respiration (Reco) were readily related to changes in temperature and soil water, with a low contribution from variations in C pools at the annual scale. As a result of the preponderant dependence of net ecosystem production (NEP) on GPP ﬂuxes, the inferred determinism of simulated net exchanges appeared similar to that of GPP. However, compensations occurred, leading, for example, to a much lower inﬂuence of soil water modulations on NEP than on GPP or Reco at the Mediterranean site.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the warm spring of 2007: a data–model analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1455-1474</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m−2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long-term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process-based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DELPIERRE, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOUDANI, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">François, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Köstner, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pontailler, J.-Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIKINMAA, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Misson, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aubinet, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BERNHOFER, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GRANIER, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GRÜNWALD, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEINESCH, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LONGDOZ, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OURCIVAL, J.-M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rambal, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vesala, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dufrêne, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the warm spring of 2007: a data–model analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 october 2008</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">august 2008 and accepted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net carbon uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process-based model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">received 30 may 2008</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revised version received 30</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01835.xhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01835.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1455 - 1474</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m−2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long-term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process-based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbaroux, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dufrêne, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">François, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montpied, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bréda, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badeck, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling leaf mass per area in forest canopy as affected by prevailing radiation conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagus sylvatica L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf mass per area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosynthetically active radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380007004772</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339 - 349</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key leaf trait, which conditions the assessment of carbon balance and the adaptation of the species to their environment. LMA decreases exponentially within the canopy at a lower rate coefﬁcient (kLMA) than the extinction coefﬁcient (kPAR) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); consequently the canopy is not fully optimized for the carbon balance. A new algorithm to simulate LMA in forest canopies is developed. The algorithm is based on a relationship between LMA of leaves at a given canopy depth and PAR, that they absorb, during leaf growth. The LMA sub-model is then tested against independent experimental data to demonstrate its validity to assess (i) the LMA vertical distribution inside the canopy, (ii) its evolution during the season and (iii) the variability observed between sites, years and species. Then, the LMA sub-model is coupled with a process-based model simulating carbon, water and energy balances in forest ecosystem. The coupled model is applied to a sensitive analysis for a case study in a beech forest.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling leaf mass per area in forest canopy as affected by prevailing radiation conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-349</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key leaf trait, which conditions the assessment of carbon balance and the adaptation of the species to their environment. LMA decreases exponentially within the canopy at a lower rate coefﬁcient (kLMA) than the extinction coefﬁcient (kPAR) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); consequently the canopy is not fully optimized for the carbon balance. A new algorithm to simulate LMA in forest canopies is developed. The algorithm is based on a relationship between LMA of leaves at a given canopy depth and PAR, that they absorb, during leaf growth. The LMA sub-model is then tested against independent experimental data to demonstrate its validity to assess (i) the LMA vertical distribution inside the canopy, (ii) its evolution during the season and (iii) the variability observed between sites, years and species. Then, the LMA sub-model is coupled with a process-based model simulating carbon, water and energy balances in forest ecosystem. The coupled model is applied to a sensitive analysis for a case study in a beech forest.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dufrêne, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">François, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Maire, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loustau, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosc, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rambal, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granier, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moors, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity of water and carbon fluxes to climate changes from 1960 to 2100 in European forest ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon sink</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192306002437</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35 - 56</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of climate changes on carbon and water ﬂuxes are quantiﬁed using a physiologically multi-layer, process-based model containing a carbon allocation model and coupled with a soil model (CASTANEA). The model is ﬁrst evaluated on four EUROFLUX sites using eddy covariance data, which provide estimates of carbon and water ﬂuxes at the ecosystem scale. It correctly reproduces the diurnal ﬂuxes and the seasonal pattern. Thereafter simulations were conducted on six French forest ecosystems representative of three climatic areas (oceanic, continental and Mediterranean areas) dominated by deciduous species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur), coniferous species (Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris) or sclerophyllous evergreen species (Quercus ilex). The model is driven by the results of a meteorological model (ARPEGE) following the B2 scenario of IPCC. From 1960 to 2100, the average temperature increases by 3.1 8C (30%) and the rainfall during summer decreases by 68 mm (27%). For all the sites, between the two periods, the simulations predict on average a gross primary production (GPP) increase of 513 g(C) m 2 (+38%). This increase is relatively steep until 2020, followed by a slowing down of the GPP rise due to an increase of the effect of water stress. Contrary to GPP, the ecosystem respiration (Reco ) raises at a constant rate (350 g(C) m 2 i.e. 31% from 1960 to 2100). The dynamics of the net ecosystem productivity (GPP minus Reco ) is the consequence of the effect on both GPP and Reco and differs per site. The ecosystems always remain carbon sinks; however the sink strength globally decreases for coniferous (8%), increases for sclerophyllous evergreen (+34%) and strongly increases for deciduous forest (+67%) that largely beneﬁts by the lengthening of the foliated period. The separately quantiﬁed effects of the main variables (temperature, length of foliated season, CO2 fertilization, drought effect), show that the magnitude of these effects depends on the species and the climatic zone</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>