<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siscart, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative field study of spring and summer leaf gas exchange and photobiology of the mediterranean trees Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Experimental Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intrinsic water use efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net photosynthetic rates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phillyrea latifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photochemical efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photochemical reflectance index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthetic radiation-use-efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflectance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatal conductance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summer-induced changes in gas exchange, fluorescence and reflectance were measured on leaves of two co-occurring Mediterranean small trees, Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia, in May, June and July 1996 in Central Catalonia (NE Spain). The humid 1996 summer only produced mild water stress conditions. However, photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) decreased in June and July in both species. In June P. latifolia had higher net photosynthetic rates and lower stomatal conductances than Q. ilex, thus exhibiting higher instantaneous plant water use efficiencies. In agreement with these results, the photo-chemical reflectance index (PRI, calculated as (R570-R531)/(R531+R570)) of P. latifolia was lower, suggesting a possible lower xanthophyll de-epoxidation state. However, P. latifolia had lower ΔF/F′ and therefore a lower electron transport rate (ETR). The behaviour of PRI confirmed previous studies indicating a strong relationship between PRI, ΔF/F′ , and photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency (PRUE). PRI offers a simple, portable means of assessing PRUE with the potential for remote sensing applications. Finally, the possible ecological consequences of these results on the behaviour of the two species studied under the predicted warmer and drier conditions of global change are discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/jxb/49.319.229</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/jxb/49.319.229</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf gas exchange and ﬂuorescence of Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus ilex saplings in severe drought and high temperature conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental and Experimental Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hF/F’m</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phillyrea latifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthetic rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pistacia lentiscus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatal conductance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-220</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saplings of Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus ilex were witheld watering for 7 days, followed by reirrigation. Incident photosynthetic photon ﬂux density (PPFD), leaf temperature, net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and photochemical efﬁciency of the photosystem II (DF:F’m) were measured three times during the day. The watered plants had higher photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductances, DF:F’m and ETR than non-watered plants. However, watered plants were mildly water stressed as shown by low ratio of variable to maximal ﬂuorescence (Fv:Fm) and high non-photochemical ﬂuorescence quenching (qN). Their DF:F%m was low in the morning and increased in the evening, following the variations in PPFD. Watered plants of Q. ilex had lower photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic radiation use efﬁciency than Ph. latifolia and P. lentiscus, and, conversely, reached the highest DF:F%m and ETR. This seems to indicate a different relationship between photosynthetic activity and electron transport rate in Q. ilex compared to the other two species. Ph. latifolia and P. lentiscus appeared to be better adapted to severe drought than Q. ilex.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogaya, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of plant water concentration by the reflectance Water Index WI (R900/R970)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean plant species (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant water concentration (PWC)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2869-2875</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Water Index WI (R900/R970) was used for the estimation of plant water concentration (PWC) by ground-based, reflectance measurements. Reflectance and PWC were measured for adult plants growing in the field throughout an annual cycle and in potted seedlings submitted to progressive desiccation. The species studied were characteristicly Mediterranean: Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Arbutus unedo, Cistus albidus, Cistus monspeliensis, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Brachypodium retusum . WI was significantly correlated with PWC when all the species were considered together, and with almost all the species considered individually, especially when a wider range of PWC was obtained by extreme dessication of experimental plants. The correlations increased when normalizing WI by NDVI. The wavelength of the trough corresponding to water absorption band tended to shift from 970-980 nm to lower wavelengths 930-950 nm with decreasing PWCs. Infrared measurement of plant temperature and T leaf - T air provided worse assessment of PWC. A simple radiometer measuring plant reflectance at 680, 900, and 970nm could speed up the measurement of PWC, and be useful in wildfire risk evaluation and drought assessment.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/014311697217396</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/014311697217396</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemical reflectance index and leaf photosynthetic radiation-use-efficiency assessment in Mediterranean trees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photochemical reflectance index PRI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthetic radiation use efficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2863-2868</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract This Letter presents new data validating the use of the photochemical reflectance index PRI (R570-R531)/(R570 + R531) to assess photosynthetic- radiation-use-efficiency under mild water stress. Gas exchange, fluorescence and the PRI of leaves from the Mediterranean trees Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia growing in the field were followed from spring to summer 1996 in central Catalonia (NE Spain). The same variables were measured in seedlings of these two species and Pistacia lentiscus submitted to progressive drying after witholding irrigation. Except for severely drought damaged plants, significant relations of the reflectance index PRI with fluorescence yield of the photosystem II (Delta F/F' m), non photochemical fluorescence quenching ( qN ) and photosynthetic radiation use efficiency (PRUE) were found, thus indicating a functional relation among these parameters. A simple portable radiometer measuring ground level reflectance at narrow bands centred at 531 and 570nm could instantaneously calculate the PRI index and give the PRUE estimation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/014311697217387</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/014311697217387</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcañiz, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodà, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon dioxide efflux and pCO 2 in soils of threeQuercus ilex montane forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon dioxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil atmosphere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil respiration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-215</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil CO2 efflux and pCO2 in the soil atmosphere were measured during one year at three montane sites of Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests in NE Spain. Two sites were located in the upper and lower slopes of a small catchment in the Prades mountains (mean precipitation 550 mm year-'), and a third site was located on a lower slope in the Montseny mountains (mean precipitation 900 mm year-'). The three sites were similar in bedrock and vegetation, but differed in soil characteristics and water availability. Seasonal variation of CO2 efflux and soil pCO2 were affected by soil temperature and, to a lesser extent, by soil moisture. Annual mean soil CO2 efflux (considered as soil respiration) was similar at Montseny and at the comparably located site at Prades (83 ± 18 S.E. vs. 75 4 9 mg CO2 m - 2 hour- , respectively), and was highest at the Prades upper slope site (122 ± 22 mg CO2 m -2 hour-l). Despite those relatively similar CO 2 effluxes, mean soil pCO2 was much higher at both Prades sites than at Montseny. Soil pCO2 always increased with depth at Prades while maxima pCO2 at Montseny were often at 20-30 cm depth. A model based on gas diffusion theory was able to explain why soil pCO2 was much higher at Prades than at Montseny, and to reproduce the shape of the vertical profile of pCO2 at the Prades soils. Nevertheless, the model failed to simulate the soil pCO2 maximum found at 20-30 cm depth at the Montseny site. Model simulations using a time-variable CO2 production rate suggested that pCO2 maxima at intermediate depth could be the result of a transient situation instead of an equilibrium one.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonilla, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodà, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neal, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soilwater chemistry in a holm oak ( Quercus ilex) forest: inferences on biogeochemical processes for a montane-Mediterranean area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest soils (citation)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil depth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil pH</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil solution and free-flowing soilwater were sampled at various depths for 3 years in a plot of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). The soil solution retained at -65M kPa in the mineral soil at depths of 20 and 40 cm had a different chemistry from that of throughflow under the humic layer (H-layer throughflow) and, to a lesser extent, from deep subsurface flow. The dominant mobile anion in the soil solution and the deep flow was SO:-, whereas in the H-layer, SOi- was overridden by alkalinity. H-Layer throughflow chemistry was extremely variable, in consequence of the large number of biogeochemical processes affecting it (e.g. rainfall chemistry, dry deposition, leaching from canopy and litter, decomposition), and of the quantity of water available for transport of solutes. The chemistry of the soil solution was more predictable, as it was governed mainly by nutrient uptake, cation exchange reactions and the seasonal wetting and drying cycles. The chemistry of the deep subsurface flow was often intermediate between that of the soil solution and that of the H-layer throughflow; this suggested a mixture of displaced pre-event soil solution and of H-layer throughflow circulating through preferential flow paths. With humid antecedent conditions, the chemistry of the deep subsurface flow approached that of the soil solution. The cation concentration relationships in the soil solution were strongly linear. In a homogeneous soil, cation exchange theory predicts this to be expected only for cations of the same charge, whereas cations of different charges should follow power relationships. Our results, however, are consistent with a theoretical approach involving cation exchange reactions in a highly heterogeneous environment. Indeed, our study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of the soils, as the power relationship has been obscured completely. Soilwater chemistries were markedly different from those of streamwater, particularly under dry conditions. During baseflow, the stream is fed by groundwater, and the soils are probably disconnected from the stream. During humid periods, the chemistry of the streamwater tends toward that of the deep subsurface flow. Chemical hydrograph separation indicates that, on average, stormflow water comprises an approximately one to one mixture of groundwater and deep subsurface flow.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escarre, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LLEDO, M J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodà, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 SMALL EXPERIMENTAL HOLM OAK FORESTED CATCHMENTS IN NE SPAIN IN RELATION TO LARGER AREAS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VEGETATIO</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPERIMENTAL CATCHMENT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montseny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prades</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUERCUS-ILEX</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STREAMFLOW</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water budget</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation and streamflow have been measured in three small (0.04-0.52 km2) experimental catchments covered by dense holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests. Two of them are in the Prades mountains and one in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). Here we test the hydrological representativeness of these catchments against the streamflow record at two nearby larger (34-60 km2) catchments, one from each massif. Comparisons of (i) annual streamflow, (ii) seasonal distribution of streamflow, and (iii) flow duration curves were made. At Prades, for the period of common record, mean annual precipitation was about 580 mm, and mean annual streamflow 44-81 mm at the two experimental catchments and 102 mm at the larger one. Most streamflow occurred during winter and spring in the three catchments. At Montseny, rainfall was higher, and mean annual streamflow was 495 mm in the experimental catchment, and 760 mm in the larger catchment, though these data were obtained in different periods in each catchment. Streamflow was roughly equal in autumn, winter and spring. At both sites flow duration curves were fairly similar in the small experimental catchments and the larger catchments. The higher streamflow at Montseny is reflected in its flow duration curves being well above those at Prades. The experimental catchments at Prades are thus fairly representative of the investigated hydrological characteristics. At Montseny, hydrological differences between the experimental catchment and the larger catchment are probably due to the higher mean altitude of the latter and to the non-overlapping periods of their streamflow records.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamwater pH, alkalinity, p CO 2 and discharge relationships in some forested Mediterranean catchments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catchments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montseny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prades</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streamwater chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-225</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The streamwater chemistry of four catchments at Prades and one catchment at Montseny (NE Spain) is described and the relationships between streamwater alkalinity, pH and pCO 2 with discharge and that between pH and alkalinity are highlighted. At Montseny, results from a subsurface seepage are also presented. The Prades and Montseny catchments have similar vegetation (dense forest of holm oak. Quercus ilex L.) and lithology (phyllites). However, the catchments differ strongly in their hydrological behaviour: only 8-15% of the rainfall passes to the stream from the two gauged Prades catchments, whereas the Montseny catchment provides 50% of rainfall to the stream. Hence the mineralization of streamwaters is much higher in the Prades catchments. All the streams studied show an inverse relationship between alkalinity and discharge. Although pH also decreases with discharge in the Montseny catchment. it remains high during high flows in the Prades catchments. The Prades streamwater chemistries are determined by the solubility equilibrium of calcite: at high flows alkalinity decreases and, as a result of calcite solubility controls, this change results in an increase in pH. Consequently, pH and log(alkalinity) are either negatively correlated or uncorrelated in the Prades streams. At Montseny, the relationship between pH and alkalinity is significantly positive: calcite solubility controls do not come into play. All waters analyzed show an excess pCO 2 (epC02) with respect to atmospheric concentrations. The highest epC02 values usually correspond to low flows. However, study of the variation of epCO2 during 15 individual storm events sampled at Montseny shows that epCO 2 increases with discharge. At Prades, the degassing of epCO 2 in the stream channel produces calcite precipitation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñol, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LLEDO, M J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escarre, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological balance of two Mediterranean forested catchments (Prades, northeast Spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Sciences Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catchments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evapotranspiration (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrological response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Precipitation and discharge have been measured for several years in two small forested catchments located in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Actual evapotranspiration has been calculated as the difference between annual precipitation and discharge. Results show that: (a) most of the precipitation is evaporated rather than lost by streamflow, even in the most humid years; (b) there is a high inter-annual variability both in discharge and evapotranspiration; and (c) annual evapotranspiration correlates significantly with annual precipitation, in contrast to the constancy of annual evaporation in catchments of wet, colder climates. Finally, a simple expression is proposed in order to calculate annual actual evaporation from the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration. This expression uses a derived exponent, k, which takes into account the characteristics of individual catchments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02626669109492492</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02626669109492492</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>