<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lagorce-Tachon, Aurélie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karbowiak, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loupiac, Camille</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaudry, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ott, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alba-Simionesco, Christiane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gougeon, Régis D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcantara, Valentin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mannes, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaestner, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehmann, Eberhard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellat, Jean-Pierre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork viewed from the inside</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Food Engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defect detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neutron imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tomography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-221</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork is the natural material stripped from the outer bark of cork oak. It is still the most used stopper to seal wine bottles and to preserve wine during storage. Cork stoppers are sorted in different classes according to apparent defects, named lenticels, which can be related to the cork macroporosity. The more lenticels there are, the worst cork quality is. The present work aims at investigating defects analysis of cork stoppers from two classes by comparing digital photography and neutron imaging. Surface analysis of defects obtained from photography leads to more surface defects in class 4 (6.7%) than in class 0 (4.1%). Neutron radiography and tomography are powerful methods that really show the defects inside the material. From neutron radiography and tomography, class 0 contains 5.4% of volume defects and class 4 6.5%. Moreover, tomography also allows observing defects distribution along the whole stopper and possible interconnectivity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marques, António Velez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aliphatic bio-oils from corks: A Py–GC/MS study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bio-oil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork samples from Betula pendula, Quercus suber and Quercus cerris were submitted to Py–GC–MS/FID at temperatures between 550°C and 900°C and the pyrolysis-derived compounds (py-products) were identified and quantified. Corks were compared with wood samples. Py-products include suberin, lignin and carbohydrates derivatives. Suberin py-products are dominated by unsaturated aliphatics. Corks pyrolysis yield and composition were dramatically influenced by temperature in contrast to wood that showed stable results across temperatures. At 850–900°C the peaks area of cork pyrograms were approximately two times higher than at 550°C, for which yield was about half of the woods, and cork py-products were dominated by suberin-derived short chain aliphatics, namely 1-alkenes, while at 550°C composition was dominated by lignin derivatives. Lignin and carbohydrate derived products decreased dramatically over 750°C while the opposite was observed for unsaturated aliphatics. Cork materials show a high potential as feedstock for production of aliphatic-rich pyrolytic biofuels or as a source of olefins.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Luis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork: a strategic material.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24790984</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Claudia B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Joana R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, Luciana S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavares, Daniela S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva, Carlos M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva, Susana P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartog, Niels</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duarte, Armando C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork stoppers as an effective sorbent for water treatment: the removal of mercury at environmentally relevant concentrations and conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ionic competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kineticmodelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mercury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal removal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recycling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorption</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER HEIDELBERG</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2108 - 2121</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The technical feasibility of using stopper-derived cork as an effective biosorbent towards bivalent mercury at environmentally relevant concentrations and conditions was evaluated in this study. Only 25 mg/L of cork powder was able to achieve 94 % of mercury removal for an initial mercury concentration of 500 mu g/L. It was found that under the conditions tested, the efficiency of mercury removal expressed as equilibrium removal percentage does not depend on the amount of cork or its particle size, but is very sensitive to initial metal concentration, with higher removal efficiencies at higher initial concentrations. Ion exchange was identified as one of the mechanisms involved in the sorption of Hg onto cork in the absence of ionic competition. Under ionic competition, stopper-derived cork showed to be extremely effective and selective for mercury in binary mixtures, while in complex matrices like seawater, moderate inhibition of the sorption process was observed, attributed to a change in mercury speciation. The loadings achieved are similar to the majority of literature values found for other biosorbents and for other metals, suggesting that cork stoppers can be recycled as an effective biosorbent for water treatment. However, the most interesting result is that equilibrium data show a very rare behaviour, with the isotherm presenting an almost square convex shape to the concentration axis, with an infinite slope for an Hg concentration in solution around 25 mu g/L.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cherki, Abou-bakr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remy, Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khabbazi, Abdelhamid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jannot, Yves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baillis, Dominique</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental thermal properties characterization of insulating cork–gypsum composite</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Construction and Building Materials</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asymmetrical transient Hot Plate method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork–gypsum board</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">False ceiling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gypsum plaster</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal conductivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal insulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-209</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gypsum plaster is a building material used in walls or false ceilings. The aim of this paper consists on the improvement of thermal properties and lightness of gypsum plaster by combining it with granular cork collected from Moroccan Maamora’s forest. This composite material is intended to be used in false ceiling such as cork–gypsum board instead of plasterboard; its use will be a contribution to improve energy efficiency in buildings. By varying the granular cork size, an experimental investigation of thermal proprieties of gypsum based composite material with embedded granular cork was mainly performed using the asymmetrical transient Hot Plate method. A comparative study based on other experiments (Differential Scanning Calorimeter and Steady state Hot Plate) was realized and the thermal conductivity results were confronted to different theoretical models of equivalent thermal conductivity determination. The experimental results exhibit a good agreement with the weighted geometric mean equation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, F A O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal, R J S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alves de Sousa, R J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling impact response of agglomerated cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials &amp; Design</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-507</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular materials have been intensively used in engineering applications where a good energy absorp- tion capability is a desired feature. Cork is a natural cellular material capable of absorbing considerable amounts of energy. When compared to synthetic cellular materials, cork also appears as a sustainable alternative, once it is fully recyclable. The purpose of this work is to simulate cork’s compressive behav- iour when subjected to impact, including the material’s relaxation after dynamic compression. This study comprises experimental and numerical tests at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates under axial com- pressive loading. Numerical simulations are performed using Finite Element Analysis, and the material model developed is validated against experimental results. After validation, a dynamic test resorting to a drop tower is carried out successfully validating the model and representing adequately cork’s mechan- ical behaviour under dynamic compressions. ?</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yona, Arnaud Maxime Cheumani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Budija, Franc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kričej, Borut</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kutnar, Andreja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavlič, Matjaž</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pori, Pavel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavzes, Črtomir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrič, Marko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Production of biomaterials from cork: Liquefaction in polyhydric alcohols at moderate temperatures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquefaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene glycol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to develop polymers in a liquid solution, from renewable bio-resources, usable as intermediate materials in the preparation of plastics, adhesives or coatings. The liquefaction of cork with glycerol was investigated at 150◦C, 180◦C, and 200◦C under acidic (sulphuric acid) or alkaline conditions (sodium hydroxide). Cork appears as a two-component material, containing suberin and lig- nocelluloses. In the presence of sulphuric acid, only the liquefaction of the lignocellulosic components was achieved, leading to liquefaction yield of less than 47% at all investigated conditions. The inverse phenomenon was observed with sodium hydroxide. Suberin was almost completely liquefied, but an increase of temperature and/or sodium hydroxide content was necessary to improve the liquefaction of lignocelluloses. Addition of polyethylene glycol to glycerol to a certain extent caused the conversion of suberin under acid conditions leading to liquefaction yield up to 93%. Therefore, it was demonstrated that it is possible to use cork dust, a less valuable by-product, for the production of various basic chemicals and/or polymers with a high added value</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şen, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van den Bulcke, Jan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defoirdt, Nele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Acker, Joris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal behaviour of cork and cork components</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermochimica Acta</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TGA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603114000902</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">582</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94 - 100</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal behaviour of cork and cork chemical components was studied with coupled differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetrical analysis (DSC-TGA) in order to gain insight into the role of the chemical components on the thermal degradation of cork. Cork samples of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and cork oak (Quercus suber) were chemically treated to selectively remove inorganic material, extractives and suberin, to allow characterization of klason lignin and methanolysis-depolymerized suberin. Since Q. cerris cork granulates contain phloemic impurities, phloem from Q. cerris bark was also subjected to the same treatments as cork. The thermal decomposition of both cork species is similar, starting above 200°C and increasing with increasing temperature until ashing at approximately 485°C. TGA curves of both corks are almost identical but a detailed view on the differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and DSC curves shows that the two materials differ from each other. Two exothermal devolatilization and char combustion reactions occur, peaking at approximately 313°C and 445°C. These peak temperatures shift to lower temperatures in suberin-free and extractive-free corks giving evidence of the heat retarding effect of suberin and extractives and possible catalytic effect of inorganics in desuberinised cork. Phloem thermal degradation is similar to that of cork although exothermal peak temperatures are higher. Phloem-containing Q. cerris cork granulates thus show clear potential for high temperature applications.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louro, Graça</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rego, Francisco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monteiro, Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machado, Henrique</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As Fileiras Baseadas na Floresta: Análise Sectorial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest chains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">market</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scielopt</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study we highlight the importance of Portuguese forests based chains in relation to the theory of ecosystem services. Moreover, we characterize the chains of wood and wooden furniture, of pulp paper and paperboard and of cork, in terms of their productive structure, production flows and markets. We point out as well the renewed interest in resin products and respective chain. We also consider as macroeconomic relevant, both at regional and national level, the economic activities based on chestnuts and pine nuts which only recently are regarded as integrated chains, from raw material up to the end product. In addition, we analyse the biomass for energy according to the new context of this chain, associated to the mitigation of climate change and to the reducing of wildfire risk. We underline as well other services/products of forest ecosystems for their importance in a sector analysis approach, namely the ones associated to holm oak, carbon economy and nature conservation. We also refer the macroeconomic relevance of the forest sector in terms of national balance sheet, international markets and job creation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dias, Adriana Neves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simão, Vanessa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merib, Josias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carasek, Eduardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork as a new (green) coating for solid-phase microextraction: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytica Chimica Acta</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC–MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAHs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid-phase microextraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water samples</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267013002377</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">772</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33 - 39</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was prepared employing cork as a coating. The morphology and composition of the cork fiber was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The proposed fiber was used for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river water samples by gas chromatography–selected ion monitoring–mass spectrometry (GC–SIM–MS). A central composite design was used for optimization of the variables involved in the extraction of PAHs from water samples. The optimal extraction conditions were extraction time and temperature of 60 min and 80 °C, respectively. The detection and quantification limits were 0.03 and 0.1 μg L−1, respectively. The recovery values were between 70.2 and 103.2% and the RSD was ≤15.7 (n = 3). The linear range was 0.1–10 μg L−1 with r ≥ 0.96 and the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility showed RSD ≤ 18.6% (n = 5). The efficiency of the cork fiber was compared with commercially available fibers and good results were achieved, demonstrating the applicability and great potential of cork as a coating for SPME.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcântara, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira-Dias, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paulino, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork composites for the absorption of impact energy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite Structures</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finite elements method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerical simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822312003431</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16 - 27</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this article the authors analyse the characteristics, properties and behaviour of a new composite material, called Core-Y, resulting from the combination of granular cork and an epoxy resin. This article comprises three main parts. The ﬁrst describes the manufacturing process of Core-Y. The second develops an experimental study of the material based on quasi-static axial compression test on cylindrical specimens of Core-Y. The results of the experimental tests are presented and analysed and the essential mechanical properties are determined. The third part presents a study of constitutive and numerical modelling, based on the experimental results. The main objective of this numerical study is to analyse the energy absorption capacity of metallic tubular structures incorporating Core-Y, aiming to study new applications for this composite material. A numerical model to simulate the tubular structures tested experimentally is developed, implemented and validated, using the ﬁnite element analysis software Abaqus. The overall results anticipate interesting expectations in terms of lightweight cork based composite materials and systems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De-Carvalho, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira-Dias, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varum, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclic behaviour of a lightweight mortar with cork granulate composite</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite Structures</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclical tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy dissipation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seismic protection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822312004096</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">748 - 755</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents an experimental analysis of the cyclical behaviour of a novel composite material made from a traditional mortar with incorporation of granulated cork. This material is hereby designated by CorBe. Specimens with 0%, 15% and 30% of cork addition, in volume of the mixture, were prepared and tested. Four types of cork with different cork grain sizes were used on each volume fraction. In order to characterise the cyclical behaviour of this composite material, cyclic uniaxial and diagonal compression tests were carried out. The energy dissipation capacity of these mortars was also studied. Obtained results evidenced that, for the whole set of mortars studied, there is a clear tendency for the improvement of performance when cork granulates are added, either for cyclic uniaxial or for diagonal compression loadings. The overall results prove the advantages of the application of CorBe in structural elements aimed for energy dissipation. Furthermore, the rupture mechanisms under cyclical loadings of this composite material were also analysed and discussed.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mestre, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogtlander, Joost</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eco-efficient value creation of Cork Products: an LCA-based method for Design Intervention</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Cleaner Production</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-costs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-114</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork, a natural, recyclable, non-toxic and renewable resource, which stems from the bark of a cork oak in the Mediterranean cork forest (Montado), is an excellent material for Sustainable Product Design. This article describes a project, developed for the Portuguese Cork Industry, on the sustainable innovation of cork products, using the method of “Design Interventions” for new product development, combined with the method of “Eco-efficient Value Creation”. Design Intervention is a method to generate innovative products in a structured way with a team of designers, focussing on maximum customer perceived value. The method has four levels: project strategic level, concept development level, design implementation level and product diffusion level. It includes workshops, combined with work in the design studios of the individual designers. The design concepts are analysed with respect to sustainability, and the market value of the prototypes are tested. Eco-efficient value creation is LCA based method with a double objective: 1. reduce the eco-burden of a product (and/or service), and at the same time, 2. enhance the customer perceived value. In this method, the combination of customer perceived value and eco-burden of the product is optimised, aiming at a high level of eco-effectiveness. The eco-burden is determined by means of Life Cycle Assessment (according to ISO 14040/44). The customer perceived value is determined by the price of the product in the market. The project showed that this two dimensional approach, generated good results: 27 out of the 36 new designs ended up with better characteristics (lower eco-costs at a higher value) than their reference products. Products have been exhibited in several international cities, and are sold in design shops</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mestre, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogtlander, Joost</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eco-efficient value creation of Cork Products: an LCA-based method for Design Intervention</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Cleaner Production</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-costs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eco-efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652613002540</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101 - 114</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork, a natural, recyclable, non-toxic and renewable resource, which stems from the bark of a cork oak in the Mediterranean cork forest (Montado), is an excellent material for Sustainable Product Design. This article describes a project, developed for the Portuguese Cork Industry, on the sustainable innovation of cork products, using the method of “Design Interventions” for new product development, combined with the method of “Eco-efficient Value Creation”. Design Intervention is a method to generate innovative products in a structured way with a team of designers, focussing on maximum customer perceived value. The method has four levels: project strategic level, concept development level, design implementation level and product diffusion level. It includes workshops, combined with work in the design studios of the individual designers. The design concepts are analysed with respect to sustainability, and the market value of the prototypes are tested. Eco-efficient value creation is LCA based method with a double objective: 1. reduce the eco-burden of a product (and/or service), and at the same time, 2. enhance the customer perceived value. In this method, the combination of customer perceived value and eco-burden of the product is optimised, aiming at a high level of eco-effectiveness. The eco-burden is determined by means of Life Cycle Assessment (according to ISO 14040/44). The customer perceived value is determined by the price of the product in the market. The project showed that this two dimensional approach, generated good results: 27 out of the 36 new designs ended up with better characteristics (lower eco-costs at a higher value) than their reference products. Products have been exhibited in several international cities, and are sold in design shops</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigues, Cátia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morais, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of Density on the Compression Behaviour of Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials &amp; Design</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimensional recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young’s modulus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306913006663</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The compression properties of cork were studied for samples of different density. The densities were grouped into three classes: low density (0.13-0.15), mid density (0.15-0.19) and high density (0.19-0.25). The porosity of the cork samples increased from the low to the high density class, with porosity coefficients of 5.1%, 6.9% and 9.4% respectively. The difference in the porosity was associated with structural features, namely the presence of thick walled cork cells and the presence of lignified cells lining the pores. The stress-strain curves were similar for all cases, showing an elastic compression up to a yield point of about 5% strain, followed by a plateau with a small slope. The cork strength was higher in the radial direction than in the other directions. The density influenced the compression such that the corks with high density presented higher stiffness in compression in three directions: Young’s modulus was 17.4, 22.6 and 26.1 MPa for low, mid and high density corks respectively. This density effect was more evident in the plateau region of the progressive buckling of the cell walls (σ30 was respectively 1.07, 1.29 and 1.54 MPa for the three density classes). The recovery of dimensions after compression in each direction was also studied following compression to 50% strain. The recovery was on average 50% of the initial deformation on the first day, and almost total after 15 days. The recovery was higher for corks with low density and in non radial directions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunes, L J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matias, J C O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catalão, J P S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy recovery from cork industrial waste: Production and characterisation of cork pellets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork pellets</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork waste</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy recovery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork industry presents itself as one of the most entrepreneurial in the Portuguese industrial sector, contributing significantly to the increase of exports. However, it is an industry in which the use of raw materials is maximised leaving a large volume of waste. The cork industry has tried to take advantage of these residues, mainly through direct energy recovery, despite the technical and safety difficulties pre- sented by the use of such low density material, which complicates and hinders its transportation for industrial uses outside the area in which it is produced. The densification process opens new doors for such use and also for its storage, because it produces better results when compared with other more com- mon products, such as wood sawdust or even forest and agricultural waste. Thus, cork pellets emerge as a safer and more easily transportable alternative for energy recovery from cork dust and other granulated types of cork waste, which offer the prospects for wider use. The results demonstrate that cork pellets have higher calorific value when compared with other biomass pellets; typically, approximately 20 MJ/ kg with 3% volume of ashes, which is equivalent to that obtained from the combustion of pellets pro- duced from combined forest and agricultural waste with a bulk density of 750 kg/m3, which offers real advantages in terms of logistics. </style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazinha, Carla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Ana P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teodoro, Orlando M. N. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crespo, João G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas transport through cork: Modelling gas permeation based on the morphology of a natural polymer material</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Membrane Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas permeation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knudsen transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solution–diffusion model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376738812007636</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">428</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52 - 62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural polymers have been studied during the last years for the transport and separation of liquid and gas mixtures, in terms of solubility and permeability data, and their structure and mechanical properties have been characterised. However, no transport models have been reported, relating transport with the material morphology. Cork is a natural cellular material containing three structural polymers (suberin, lignin and polysaccharides). Cork is considered a natural polymer, with economic relevance due to its sealing, non-toxic, stable and low-density properties. Cork was characterised in this work in terms of its solubility and permeability data in relation to various gases with different molecular mass: He, O2, N2, CO2 and 1,1,1,2-tetraﬂuoroethane (R134a). A morphological analysis of the structure of the cork sample chosen in this work was also performed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) image analysis, which took into account the variation of each relevant structural parameter. A transport model was developed supported on the morphology of cork characterised in this work. The transport model developed considers that gas permeation occurs through the plasmodesmata, which are channels with approximately 100 nm of diameter that cross the cell walls of the cork cells. It was found that gas transport follows a Knudsen mechanism, as proved by the gas permeability behaviour with increasing gas molecular mass, with a negligible contribution of viscous transport to the total ﬂux.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid cork–polymer composites containing sisal fibre: Morphology, effect of the fibre treatment on the mechanical properties and tensile failure prediction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite Structures</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extrusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibre reinforced plastic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid composites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263822313002225</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153 - 162</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, we investigated the use of short sisal fibre with and without polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a strategy to reinforce cork–polymer composite (CPC) materials. The use of alkali treatment of sisal to improve fibre–matrix adhesion was evaluated. High density polyethylene (HDPE) was used as matrix and the composites were produced in a two-step process using twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding. FTIR, TGA and XRD were used to confirm the sisal fibre modification. Additionally, morphology, density, diameter and tensile properties of the fibres were evaluated before processing. The hybrid composites containing cork powder (40 wt.%) and randomly distributed sisal fibres were evaluated in terms of morphology and mechanical properties. The use of a 10 wt.% sisal fibre in the presence of a 2 wt.% coupling agent based on maleic anhydride, has shown to improve the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. The higher mechanical properties were achieved by using alkali treated sisal fibres and PE-g-MA. In the presence of the coupling agent the composite morphology revealed good interfacial adhesion between the natural components and the polypropylene matrix, being in accordance with the mechanical results. Weibull cumulative distribution was successfully used to accurately predict the tensile strength failure of the hybrid CPC materials.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlo, Vitor M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel cork–polymer composites reinforced with short natural coconut fibres: Effect of fibre loading and coupling agent addition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extrusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid composites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites from high density polyethylene filled with cork powder and coconut short fibres, in two different ratios, were prepared in a twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding process. The main motivation of this work was to improve the mechanical performance without compromising the use of high weight percentage of natural component used in the preparation of cork-based composites. The morphology of the hybrid composites were more homogeneous in the presence of the coupling agent (CA) displaying enhanced fibre–matrix adhesion. Moreover, the use of CA based on maleic anhydride promotes a mechanical reinforcement effect on the tensile properties, including the elongation at break. The addition of coconut fibre resulted on an increase of 27% in elastic modulus and 47% in the tensile strength when compared with the unreinforced cork-based (50–50) wt.% composite. This work clearly shows that the addition of 10 wt.% of short-coconut fibres, randomly distributed, can be effectively used as reinforcing strategy of cork-based composite materials, preferably in the presence of 2 wt.% of CA.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Ana Luisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazinha, Carla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crespo, João G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teodoro, Orlando M. N. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Permeability of Cork for Water and Ethanol</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">permeability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sealing properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water transport</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4015729</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9672 - 9679</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport properties of natural (noncompressed) cork were evaluated for water and ethanol in both vapor and liquid phases. The permeability for these permeants has been measured, as well as the sorption and diffusion coefficients. This paper focuses on the differences between the transport of gases? relevant vapors and their liquids (water and ethanol) through cork. A transport mechanism of vapors and liquids is proposed. Experimental evidence shows that both vapors and liquids permeate not only through the small channels across the cells (plasmodesmata), as in the permeation of gases, but also through the walls of cork cells by sorption and diffusion as in dense membranes. The present study also shows that cork permeability for gases was irreversibly and drastically decreased after cork samples were exposed to ethanol or water in liquid phase.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf4015729doi: 10.1021/jf4015729The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Sónia A O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villaverde, Juan J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, Andreia F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coelho, Jorge F J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, Carlos P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of industrial cork by-products</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antioxidant activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black condensate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork powder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262-269</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The phenolic composition of cork powder and black condensate, two by-products from the cork industry, was investigated by the first time using high-performance liquid chromatography-multi-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC–MSn). The same methodology of extraction was applied to cork, for comparative purposes. Eighteen phenolic compounds were identified in cork, five of them are reported for the first time as its constituents. Sixteen and thirteen phenolic compounds were identified as cork powder and black condensate components, respectively, with only one compound of each residue published before as its constituent. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated, being, to our knowledge, the first study concerning the antioxidant activity of these cork residues. The extracts present an antioxidant activity higher than BHT, with black condensate showing the lowest IC50 value. These results, together with the phenolic content values, demonstrate the high potential of these residues as source of high value compounds.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of Chemical Components of cork on Sorption of Aqueous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Environmental Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biopolymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extractable fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organic pollutants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAHs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225 - 234</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to know the environmental behaviour of toxic pollutants it is fundamental to understand the role of chemical components of a material on sorption of such pollutants.In this study, the sorption of a mix of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by cork fractions (i.e. raw cork (CF), free extractive cork (FEF) and nonsaponifiable (DESF)) has been investigated to better understand the role of biopolymers and extractable fraction of cork on their sorption behaviour. All samples were analyzed through elemental analysis and were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. After removing the extractable fraction and the suberin from the cork, the sorption capacities (Koc ) of FEF and DESF exhibited mean reductions of 70% and 30% respectively. In addition, the sorption results of three pairs of cork samples with different chemical content confirm that the extractable fraction serves as the major sorption medium for PAHs. Considering only low molecular weight PAHs positive correlations between Koc with Kow (R2 =0.70) and F number (R2 =0.65) were found, showing that these parameters are involved in this adsorption process</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability of the Chemical Composition of Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioResources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2246-2256</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of cork was determined, following a sampling that covered the whole production area in Portugal (29 provenances from six regions) with samples taken at cork stripping. To analyse between population variations, a more intensive sampling was made in two locations. The overall mean chemical composition of cork was: extractives 16.2% (dichloromethane 5.8%, ethanol 5.9%, water 4.5%), suberin 42.8% (long-chain lipids 41.0%, glycerol 3.8%), and lignin 22.0% (Klason 21.1%, acid soluble 0.9%). The suberin compositional ratio of long chain lipids to glycerol, LCLip:Gly, was 11.3. The proportion of neutral sugars in the polysaccharides was: glucose 46.1%, xylose 25.1%, arabinose 18.0%, mannose 3.0%, galactose 7.3%, and rhamnose 0.5%. The range of values was large and the variation between individual trees seemed to be the major factor of the differences. Geographical location of cork production was statistically significant only in a few cases when considering site and not when considering regions. The population variation in two sites was important and the absolute difference between the site mean values was small. This research covers the natural variability of cork’s chemical composition and discusses the contribution of the structural compounds to the variation of cork properties.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atanes, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieto-Márquez, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambra, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Pérez, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández-Martínez, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adsorption of SO2 onto waste cork powder-derived activated carbons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Engineering Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activated carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SO2 adsorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface acidity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-212</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three activated carbon samples have been prepared by thermal (ACchar ), physical (with CO2, ACCO2) and chemical (with KOH, ACKOH) activation of waste cork powder. Cork was characterized by thermogravimetric, elemental and proximate analyses, and activated carbons were characterized by elemental and proximate analyses, adsorption–desorption of N2, acid/base and Boehm’s titration and FTIR (ATR) spectroscopy. A commercial activated carbon sample (ACcom) was subjected to the same characterization program for comparison purposes. Activation of cork conducted to an increase in BET surface area and pore volume in the sequence: ACchar &lt; ACCO2 &lt; ACKOH, getting close to those of ACcom, and to an increase in surface acidity in the sequence: ACchar &lt; ACCO2 ACcom &lt; ACKOH. The four adsorbents were tested in the adsorption of SO2, where ACKOH presented the highest adsorption capacity, while ACchar and ACCO2 presented similar behaviors, comparable to that of ACcom. Adsorption equilibrium was successfully ﬁtted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Desorption experiments demonstrated how SO2 strong adsorption was favored when decreasing surface acidity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gominho, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure and chemical composition of cork from the Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wood Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus variabilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus variabilis Blume, the Chinese cork oak, is an oak species with a thick cork outer bark. The cork is exploited at a limited scale in China and considered of lower quality than the commercial cork from Quercus suber. We studied an industrial cork granulate feedstock of Q. variabilis in relation to cellular structure and chemical composition and compared it to Q. suber cork under a material’s perspective. The cork of Q.variabilis has 1.1 % ash, 9.6 % extractives, 34.8 % suberin and 19.1 % lignin. The monosaccharide composition with shows a predominance of hemicelluloses: glucose 42.8 % of total neutral sugars, xylose 27.5 %, arabinose 15.4 %, galactose 9.0 %, mannose 4.0 %, rhamnose 1.2 %. The FT-IR spectrum shows the indicative peaks of suberin. The composition is overall similar to that of Q. suber cork. Q. variabilis cork has the typical cellular characteristics of bark cork tissues with a regular and radially aligned structure of cells without intercellular voids. Solid volume fraction was estimated at approximately 16 %. Compared with Q. suber, the Q. variabilis cork cells are smaller, the cell wall undulation and the overall row alignment less homogeneous, the cell surface is irregular and the solid volume proportion higher. The characteristics of Q. variabilis cork support its use as a cellular material for sealing, insulation and energy absorption, but the overall quality is lower than that of Q. suber cork. The negative impact of the higher density and structural lower uniformity at tissue and cell level should be evaluated for processing and product performance.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying kinetics of cork planks in a cork pile in the field</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food and Bioproducts Processing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical drying models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moisture ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural sun drying</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960308512000624</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content is one important parameter in the trading of raw cork planks after harvesting. This study presents a mathematical modeling of the drying curve of raw cork planks in a cork pile in the ﬁeld, under natural sun drying conditions. Experimental data were obtained by following the water loss (i.e. by daily weighing) of 97 cork planks positioned in nine points within a cork pile. Immediately after harvesting, the raw cork planks had a mean moisture content in a dry basis of 40.4% and after 20-day drying 16.6%. The drying process of the cork planks showed three phases: drying was very fast in the ﬁrst 2 days; in the next 2–15 days there was a decreasing drying rate; and a ﬁnal phase, after 15 days in the cork pile, with a slightly decreasing drying rate. Mathematical modeling provided a direct relation between moisture content and drying time. After comparing sixteen empirical drying models, the Modiﬁed Henderson and Pabis model showed the best ﬁt. According to this model, the cork planks are commercial dry (14% moisture content in a wet basis) 15 days after harvest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Institution of Chemical Engineers</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbosa, a Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">da Silva, L. F. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Öchsner, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abenojar, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">del Real, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of Adhesion</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adhesive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface treatment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00218464.2012.660811http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2012.660811</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">452 - 470</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inclusion of particles (nano or micro) is a method to improve the mechanical properties, such as toughness, of structural adhesives. Structural adhesives are known for their high strength and stiffness but also for their low ductility and toughness. There are many processes described in the literature to increase the toughness, one of the most common being the use of rubber particles. In the present study, natural micro particles of cork were used with the objective to increase the impact resistance of a brittle epoxy adhesive. The idea is for the cork particles to act like crack stoppers and absorb impact leading to higher absorption of energy. The influence of the cork particle size and amount were studied. Particles of cork ranging from 38 to 250 µm were mixed in the epoxy adhesive Araldite? 2020 from Huntsman. The amount of cork in the adhesive was varied between 1 and 5% by weight. Surface treatment (low pressure plasma) was applied to the cork powder to assess the effect of the interaction adhesive-cork with several degrees of adhesion. This evaluation was made using impact tests and it was evident that impact absorption was related to the size and amount of cork particles in the resin, considering a uniform particle distribution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive - Barbosa, A Q; da Silva, L F M; Öchsner, A; Abenojar, J; del Real, J C)From Duplicate 2 (Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive - Barbosa, A Q; da Silva, L F M; Öchsner, A; Abenojar, J; del Real, J C)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Rui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, Helga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, Andreia F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freire, Carmen S R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, Luís Paulo N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Pereira, Cristina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation of suberin from birch outer bark and cork using ionic liquids: A new source of macromonomers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birch outer bark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium hexanoate ionic liquids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium hexanoate, a biocompatible and biodegradable ionic liquid, was recently demonstrated to efﬁciently and selectively extract suberin domains from cork, combining high extraction efﬁciency with isolation of a partial depolymerised material. In the present paper, we report a comparative study of the characterisation of suberin extracted from birch outer bark and from cork using cholinium hexanoate. It became apparent that both extracted suberin samples showed still a cross-linked nature, i.e. likely to be closely related to in situ suberin. Suberin samples were mainly constituted by oligomeric or polymeric structures in turn essentially composed by long chain hydroxyacids monomers. Their high thermal stability together with the oligomeric/polymeric nature, open new perspectives for suberin use as macromonomers in the development of bio-based polymeric materials. This also contributes for the valorisation of suberin rich agro-forest residues.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marques, António Velez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin monomeric composition of corks from the barks of Betula pendula, Quercus suber and Quercus cerris determined by Py–GC–MS/FID</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betula pendula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samples of cork tissues separated from the barks of Betula pendula, Quercus suber and Quercus cerris were characterized by Py–GC–MS/FID in respect to composition of lignin. The pyrolysis temperature influenced the yield of pyrolysis products, and in the conditions usually applied to wood pyrolysis (550 ◦C) suberin is only partially degraded into products. The lignin composition of the three corks showed predominantly a guaiacyl-based lignin: guaiacyl (G) units represented 85.7%, 96.4% and 93.7% of lignin respectively in B. pendula, Q. suber and Q. cerris corks, while syringyl (S) units amounted respectively to 11.9%, 2.5% and 2.7% and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units to 2.4%, 1.1% and 3.6%. Pyrolysis of the woods of these same species confirmed the GS character of their lignins in contrast to the corks G-lignin type. The influence of ferulic acid in the results and its integration in a heterogeneous cork lignin structure was discussed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şen, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marques, António Velez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gominho, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Study of thermochemical treatments of cork in the 150–400°C range using colour analysis and FTIR spectroscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colour analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heat treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study of chemical transformations of cork during heat treatments was made using colour variation and FTIR analysis. The cork enriched fractions from Quercus cerris bark were subjected to isothermal heating in the temperature range 150–400 ◦ C and treatment time from 5 to 90min. Mass loss ranged from 3% (90min at 150 ◦ C) to 71% (60min at 350 ◦ C). FTIR showed that hemicelluloses were thermally degraded ﬁrst while suberin remained as the most heat resistant component. The change of CIE-Lab parameters was rapid for low intensity treatments where no signiﬁcant mass loss occurred (at 150 ◦ C L* decreased from the initial 51.5 to 37.3 after 20min). The decrease in all colour parameters continued with temperature until they remained substantially constant with over 40% mass loss. Modelling of the thermally induced mass loss could be made using colour analysis. This is applicable to monitoring the production of heat expanded insulation agglomerates.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Rui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, Helga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, Andreia F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petkovic, Marija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamosa, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freire, Carmen S. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, Luís Paulo N. Luis Paulo N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Cristina Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin isolation from cork using ionic liquids: characterisation of ensuing products</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Journal of Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium alkanoates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberinic materials (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2nj40433hhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2NJ40433H</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium alkanoates, a class of benign ionic liquids, were demonstrated to efficiently extract suberin domains from cork. A detailed characterisation of the extracted material has yet to be attained. In the present study the significance of the alkylic chain length of the anion and the ionic liquid's basicity was investigated. The results obtained emphasise cholinium hexanoate's selection; it proved to be a straightforward process, also ensuring the recyclability and reusability of the ionic liquid. The extracted suberinic material has been thoroughly characterised for the first time by ATR-FTIR, NMR, GC-MS and thermal analyses. Data showed that it is mainly composed of oligomeric or polymeric aliphatic esterified structures, resulting from suberin partial cleavage. More than 40 wt% of the extracted suberinic material was found to be cross-linked. Even though, the composing monomeric units were similar to those usually identified in suberin samples obtained by the conventional extraction processes. These data pave the way for advanced studies of suberin monomers/oligomers as building-blocks for the development of novel biopolymers and biomaterials.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şen, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature-induced structural and chemical changes in cork from Quercus cerris</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">508-513</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of temperature on anatomical and chemical characteristics of Quercus cerris cork were examined. Cork samples were subjected to isothermal air heating between 150 ◦ C and 400 ◦ C and analyzed for mass loss, cellular structure and chemical composition. The thermal decomposition of Q. cerris cork is similar to that of Q. suber cork. Cork is thermally stable below 200 ◦ C and after that degradation depended on temperature and heating time with increasing mass loss, i.e. 3% at 200 ◦ C 10min and 46% at 350 ◦ C 60min.With temperature and starting at 200 ◦ C, cells expanded, cell wall thickness was reduced and corrugations were lost. Extractives degraded at lower temperatures, although aliphatic extractives were found to be more stable. Suberin from Q. cerris was more heat resistant than Q. suber suberin, while lignin showed similar resistance. These results provide a basis for studies on the production of Q. cerris bark expanded cork agglomerates for insulation purposes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreto, Maria C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houbraken, Jos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samson, Robert A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brito, Dulce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadanho, Mário</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Romão, Maria V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unveiling the fungal mycobiota present throughout the cork stopper manufacturing process</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FEMS Microbiology Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cloning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">denaturing gel electrophoresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi: classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humidity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metagenome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mycobiota diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium: classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Bark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Bark: microbiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus: microbiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribosomal Spacer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribosomal Spacer: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">uncultivable fungal species</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-214</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A particular fungal population is present in the main stages of the manufacturing process of cork discs. Its diversity was studied using both dependent (isolation) and independent culture methods (denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis and cloning of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region). The mycobiota in the samples taken in the stages before and after the first boiling seems to be distinct from the population in the subsequent manufacturing stages. Most isolated fungi belong to the genera Penicillium, Eurotium and Cladosporium. The presence of uncultivable fungi, Ascomycota and endophytes in raw cork was confirmed by sequencing. The samples taken after the first boiling contained uncultivable fungi, but in a few samples some isolated fungi were also detected. The main taxa present in the following stages were Chrysonilia sitophila, Penicillium glabrum and Penicillium spp. All applied techniques had complementary outcomes. The main factors driving the shift in cork fungal colonization seem to be the high levels of humidity and temperature to which the slabs are subjected during the boiling process.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22630140</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, André</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateus, Nuno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cabral, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Freitas, Victor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of phenolic compounds in cork from Quercus suber L. by HPLC–DAD/ESI–MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flavanoellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LC-DAD/ESI-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030881461001263X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1398 - 1405</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present work was to identify the extractable phenolic compounds present in cork from Quercus suber L. The structures of thirty three compounds were tentatively identiﬁed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD/ESI–MS). The majority of those compounds were gallic acid derivatives, in the form of either galloyl esters of glucose (gallotannins), combinations of galloyl and hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters of glucose (ellagitannins), dehydrated tergallic-C-glucosides or ellagic acid derivatives. Others were found to correspond to low molecular weight phenolic compounds, like acids and aldehydes. Mongolicain, a ﬂavanoellagitannin in which hydrolysable tannin and ﬂavan-3-ol moieties are connected through a carbon–carbon linkage, was also detected in cork from Q. suber L. The results illustrate the rich array of phenolic compounds present in cork.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şen, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quilhó, Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cellular structure of cork from Quercus cerris var. cerris bark in a materials’ perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">929-936</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork in the outer bark of trees is among the valuable raw materials of biological origin due to properties that result mainly from its cellular structure. Large scale commercial utilization of cork has been only achieved with cork from Quercus suber. Another oak species, Quercus cerris, also contains substantial, albeit not continuous, regions of cork that are clearly visible to the naked eye but are so far considered as a waste material. Bark samples of Q. cerris var. cerris trees were collected from the Andırın province, Turkey. Cork portions were separated and their cellular structure was investigated with optical and electron scanning microscopy observations. The results were compared with Q. suber cork. Q. cerris cork has the typical features of cork tissues with a regular and radially aligned structure of suberized cells without intercellular voids, showing a ring structure and a distinction of earlycork and latecork cells. Solid volume fraction was estimated at 25% (22% in earlycork, 36% in latecork). In Q. cerris cork cells are smaller, cell wall thickness and solid volume fraction are higher, and the tissue is less homogeneous with a higher content of ligniﬁed inclusions than in Q. suber cork. These factors will negatively inﬂuence quality in regard to density and mechanical properties associated to elasticity. However, this does not impair its use for production of granulates and agglomerates, e.g. for insulation and energy absorption. Separation of the cork fraction from the bark is a step required before further processing and use.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, Maria Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of radial bending properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bending</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fracture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">557-563</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The behaviour of cork under three point bending stress in the radial direction was evaluated in relation to porosity (range 2.0–15.4%) and density (range 0.160– 0.220 g cm−3 ). The study was made using water-boiled cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality) collected at an industrial mill. Cork samples were cut with the largest dimension in two directions, axial and tangential, and with the load zone in the inner part and the outer part of the plank. The stress-strain curves obtained in bending were similar for the different test specimens and similar to those observed for tensile tests in cork but the mechanical resistance of cork in bending was higher than in tension and lower than in compression. The direction of the internal stress in samples submitted to bending was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation. The curves showed an initial linear elastic region with a mean Young’s modulus of 14 MPa for the tangential direction and 21 MPa for the axial direction, followed by a region of a gradual cork yielding up to a peak load, and failure at an average stress of 1.2 MPa and a strain of 14%. There was signiﬁcant difference in the bending properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of different quality classes. Density and porosity were not individually well correlated with the mechanical parameters. It was however possible to model Young’s modulus by combining porosity and density.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teti, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguez, David E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Federici, John F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brisson, Caroline</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-Destructive Measurement of Water Diffusion in Natural Cork Enclosures Using Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-destructive evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terahertz</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">513-527</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terahertz (THz) imaging enables non-destructive evaluation of many materials’ internal structures which could not be probed by visual analysis alone. In this paper, we apply THz imaging to non-destructively probe and image the diffusion of water through natural cork samples. The temporal and spatial distribution of water is analyzed as it diffuses throughout the cork structure. An average diffusion coefficient comparable to previous work in the field is extracted from this analysis. Data is also presented to show that the diffusion coefficient is not uniform throughout the cork but changes dramatically due to the local structure and composition of the cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlo, Vitor M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a.M. Chagas, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Properties of new cork–polymer composites: Advantages and drawbacks as compared with commercially available fibreboard materials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite Structures</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyoleﬁn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thickness swelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER ABSORPTION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3120-3129</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork powder (50 wt.%) was mixed with polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) by pultrusion aiming to prepare cork-based composites. In a further step, samples were produced by compression moulding using the compounded composites. Bending strength, impact resistance, hardness, dimensional stability, thermal and acoustic properties of the developed cork–polymer composites (CPC) were determined and compared with commercially available products namely medium density ﬁbreboard (MDF) and high density ﬁbreboard (HDF). It was found that the CPC have good dimensional stability, lower water uptake, a better acoustic insulation performance and similar behaviour in terms of hardness and ﬁre resistance when compared with both MDF and HDF. However, the mechanical strength is inferior comparing with both commercial materials based on ﬁbres. It was also observed that addition of cork improved the ﬂexural modulus, impact resistance and hardness on the developed CPC. Thus, the herein described CPC materials showed important characteristics to be considered as good candidates to be applied in the design of ﬂooring and construction systems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ricardo, Cândido P P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martins, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sergeant, Kjell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinheiro, Carla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campos, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renaut, Jenny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fevereiro, Pedro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteins associated with cork formation in Quercus suber L. stem tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of proteomics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phellem formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteomics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber stem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1266-1278</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork (phellem) formation in Quercus suber stem was studied by proteomic analysis of young shoots of increasing age (Y0, Y1 and Y4) and recently-formed phellem (Y8Ph) and xylem (Y8X) from an 8-year-old branch. In this study 99 proteins were identified, 45 excised from Y8X and 54 from Y8Ph. These ones, specifically associated with phellem, are of &quot;carbohydrate metabolism&quot; (28%), &quot;defence&quot; (22%), &quot;protein folding, stability and degradation&quot; (19%), &quot;regulation/signalling&quot; (11%), &quot;secondary metabolism&quot; (9%), &quot;energy metabolism&quot; (6%), and &quot;membrane transport&quot; (2%). The identification in phellem of galactosidases, xylosidases, apiose/xylose synthase, laccases and diphenol oxidases suggests intense cell wall reorganization, possibly with participation of hemicellulose/pectin biosynthesis and phenol oxidation. The identification of proteasome subunits, heat shock proteins, cyclophylin, subtilisin-like proteases, 14-3-3 proteins, Rab2 protein and enzymes interacting with nucleosides/nucleic acids gives additional evidence for cellular reorganization, involving cellular secretion, protein turnover regulation and active control processes. The high involvement in phellem of defence proteins (thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, SGT1 protein, cystatin, and chitinases) suggests a strong need for cell protection from the intense stressful events occurring in active phellem, namely, desiccation, pests/disease protection, detoxification and cell death. Identically, highly enhanced defence functions were previously reported for potato periderm formation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21320649</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pestana, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneiro, Luís</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lousada, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sardinha, Raúl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relação entre as Características Morfológicas e a Qualidade da Cortiça</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multivariate analyses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scielopt</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-11</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522011000100001&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The main drive of this study was to contribute for a better knowledge about the relationship between the quality of cork and its morphology, aiming to finding out the predictive capacity of the morphological characteristics and their weight to discriminate and select cork quality. Board cork samples were taken out from 9 sample trees (3 trees x 3 sites) and they were prepared to allow quantitative classification according to punctuation classification as described by CARVALHO (1992). Data analysis was done using numerical taxonomy methods. Results generated allow emphasizing that: • The use of punctuation criteria showed the usefulness and significance of some morphological characteristics to segregate cork quality; • Good quality corks were characterized by higher values of the belly's color and low values of the belly’s relief, and its unevenness, and the size and density of the inclusions in the cork mass as well; • Bad quality corks showed a set of dominant morphological characteristics: density, distribution, aggregation and size variation of lenticels and a pronounced relief and also the size of incrustations on the belly; • The introduction of one more parameters – apparent density (DA) – in the morphological analysis did not alter quality classification</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreto, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boas, L. Vilas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneiro, L. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rom, M. V. San</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vilas Boas, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Romão, M. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile Compounds in Samples of Cork and also Produced by Selected Fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2.4.6-trichloroanisole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-trichloroanisole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">volatile compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf200560e</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6568 - 6574</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The production of volatile compounds by microbial communities of cork samples taken during the cork manufacturing process was investigated. The majority of volatiles were found in samples collected at two stages: resting after the ﬁrst boiling and nontreated cork disks. Volatile proﬁles produced by microbiota in both stages are similar. The releasable volatile compounds and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) produced in cork-based culture medium by ﬁve isolated fungal species in pure and mixed cultures were also analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The results showed that 1-octen-3-ol and esters of fatty acids (medium chain length C8C20) were the main volatile compounds produced by either pure fungal species or their mixture. Apparently,Penicillium glabrum is the main contributor to the overall volatile composition observed in the mixed culture. The production of releasable TCA on cork cannot be attributed to any of the assayed fungal isolates.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cansado, Isabel P. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mourao, Paulo A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro Carrott, Manuela L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrott, Peter J. M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeBrito, PSD and Gomez</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activated Carbons Prepared from Natural and Synthetic Raw Materials with Potential Applications in Gas Separations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon Molecular Sieve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CVD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PET</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-87849-277-0</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A carbon molecular sieve for the purification of a gas mixtures containing O(2), N(2) and CO(2), CH(4) was produced from a waste granulated PET by means of a single carbonisation step at 973 K. Activated carbon materials presenting good adsorption capacity and some selectivity for O(2)/N(2) and CO(2)/CH(4) were prepared from granulated PET and cork oak with pore mouth narrowing using CVD from benzene. The diffusion coefficients of O(2), N(2), CO(2) and CH(4) in these materials were calculated and are comparable to published values determined on Takeda 3A and on a carbon molecular sieve prepared from PET textile fibres by means of carbonisation and subsequent CVD with benzene. However, the selectivities were not quite as good as those given by Takeda 3A. However, taking into account that this is a first attempt at producing CMS from PET, the results are encouraging, and it is to be expected that further development of the experimental procedure will result in new materials with improved performance.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, Helga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Rui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petkovic, Marija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferguson, Jamie L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leitão, Maria C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunaratne, H. Q. Nimal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seddon, Kenneth R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, Luís Paulo N. Luis Paulo N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Pereira, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leitão, Maria C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissolution of cork biopolymers in biocompatible ionic liquids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork biopolymers dissolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ionic liquids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B922553Fhttp://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b922553f</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classically, the best attempts to separate suberin from cork biopolymers have resulted in low efficiency; here, we report a class of biocompatible and biodegradable cholinium-based ionic liquids, the cholinium alkanoates, which show a highly efficient and specific dissolution of the suberin domains from cork biopolymers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chatonnet, Pascal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fleury, Antoine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boutou, Stephane</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Origin and Incidence of 2-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, a Compound with a ``Fungal'' and ``Corky'' Aroma Found in Cork Stoppers and Oak Chips in Contact with Wines</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-Methoxy-3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-dimethylpyrazine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork stopper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak wood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhizobium excellensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12481 - 12490</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study identifies a previously isolated bacterium as Rhizobium excellensis, a new species of proteobacteria able to form a large quantity of 2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (MDMP). R. excellensis actively synthesizes MDMP from L-alanine and L-leucine and, to a lesser extent, from L-phenylalanine and L-valine. MDMP is a volatile, strong-smelling substance detected in wines with cork stoppers that have an unpleasant ``corky{''}, ``herbaceous{''} (potato, green hazelnut), or ``dusty{''} odor that is very different from the typical ``fungal{''} nose of a ``corked{''} wine that is generally due to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA). The contamination of cork by MDMP is not correlated with the presence of TCA. It appears possible that R. excellensis is the microorganism mainly responsible for the presence of this molecule in cork bark. However, other observations suggest that MDMP might taint wine through other ways. Oak wood can also be contaminated and affect wines with which it comes into contact. Nevertheless, because 93% of the MDMP content in wood is destroyed after 10 min at 220 degrees C, sufficiently toasted oak barrels or alternatives probably do not represent a major source of MDMP in most of the cases. Due to MDMP's relatively low detection threshold estimated at 2.1 ng/L, its presence in about 40% of the untreated natural cork stoppers sampled at concentrations above 10 ng/cork suggests that this compound, if extracted from the stoppers, may pose a risk for wine producers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Rita Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberized Cell Walls of Cork from Cork Oak Differ from Other Species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy and Microanalysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lamellae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ultrastructure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">569 - 575</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants have suberized cells that act as protective interfaces with the environment or between different plant tissues. A lamellar structure of alternating dark and light bands has been found upon transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of cork cells and considered a typical feature of the suberized secondary wall. We observed cork cells from periderms of Quercus suber, Quercus cerris, Solanum tuberosum, and Calotropis procera by TEM after uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining. A lamellated structure was observed in S. tuberosum and C. procera but not in Q. suber and Q. cerris where the suberized cell wall showed a predominantly hyaline aspect with only a dark dotted staining. Removal of suberin from Q. suber cells left a thinner secondary wall that lost the translucent aspect. We hypothesize that the species' specific chemical composition of suberin will result in different three-dimensional macromolecular development and in a different spatial location of lignin and other aromatics. A lamellated ultrastructure is therefore not a general feature of suberized cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M. Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile properties of cork in axial stress and influence of porosity, density, quality and radial position in the plank</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tensile</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00107-009-0407-0</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85 - 91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The behaviour of cork under tensile stress in the axial direction was studied for samples taken from cork planks of good (class 1) and poor (class 4) quality grades and at three radial positions within the plank (inner, mid and outer positions). The effect of cork density (ranging from 0.123 to 0.203 g cm−3 ) and porosity (ranging from 2.8 to 9.6% in the tangential surface) on Young’s modulus and fracture stress and strain was studied. The tensile stress-strain curves of cork showed an elastic deformation up to 2% strain with a Young’s modulus of 30.8 MPa, and a fracture stress of 1.05 MPa at a strain of 7.1% for class 1, and Young’s modulus of 26.1 MPa, and a fracture stress of 0.77 MPa at a strain of 5.5% for class 4. Fracture always started at a pore. The quality class and the radial position in the plank were highly signiﬁcant factors of the tensile properties variation with good quality cork in the inner part of the plank showing the highest strength. Density inﬂuenced the elastic behaviour of cork with a highly signiﬁcant correlation of increasing E with density,but not so clearly the fracture stress and strain. The variability of tensile properties with porosity was large and although signiﬁcant, the correlations were lower in spite of a decreasing trend of E with porosity. Fracture depended on the type of defects in cork.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Iva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruz, Luís Luís</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateus, Nuno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cabral, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Freitas, Victor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antioxidants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antitumor activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation: drug effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Chemical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11154-11160</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic compounds, namely, hydrolyzable tannins and low molecular weight phenolic compounds, were isolated and purified from Portuguese cork from Quercus suber L. Some of these compounds were studied to evaluate their antioxidant activity, including free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH method) and reducing capacity (FRAP method). All compounds tested showed significant antioxidant activity, namely, antiradical and reducing properties. The antiradical capacity seemed to increase with the presence of galloyl groups. Regarding the reducing capacity, this structure-activity relationship was not so clear. These compounds were also studied to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect on the estrogen responsive human breast cancer cell line (ERþ) MCF-7 and two other colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29). Generally, all the compounds tested exhibited, after a continuous exposure during a 48 h period, a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect. Relative inhibitory activity was primarily related to the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups (galloyl and HHDP moieties) found in the active structures, with more groups generally conferring increased effects, except for HHDP-di-galloyl-glucose. Mongolicain B showed a greater potential to inhibit the growth of the three cell lines tested, identical to the effect observed with castalagin. Since these compounds are structurally related with each other, this activity might be based within the C-glycosidic ellagitannin moiety.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19888728</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Iva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruz, Luís Luís</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateus, Nuno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cabral, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Freitas, Victor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antioxidants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antioxidants: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antitumor activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation: drug effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Extracts: pharmacology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888728http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf902093m</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11154 - 11160</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic compounds, namely, hydrolyzable tannins and low molecular weight phenolic compounds, were isolated and purified from Portuguese cork from Quercus suber L. Some of these compounds were studied to evaluate their antioxidant activity, including free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH method) and reducing capacity (FRAP method). All compounds tested showed significant antioxidant activity, namely, antiradical and reducing properties. The antiradical capacity seemed to increase with the presence of galloyl groups. Regarding the reducing capacity, this structure-activity relationship was not so clear. These compounds were also studied to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect on the estrogen responsive human breast cancer cell line (ERþ) MCF-7 and two other colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29). Generally, all the compounds tested exhibited, after a continuous exposure during a 48 h period, a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect. Relative inhibitory activity was primarily related to the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups (galloyl and HHDP moieties) found in the active structures, with more groups generally conferring increased effects, except for HHDP-di-galloyl-glucose. Mongolicain B showed a greater potential to inhibit the growth of the three cell lines tested, identical to the effect observed with castalagin. Since these compounds are structurally related with each other, this activity might be based within the C-glycosidic ellagitannin moiety.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 19888728</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Abdallah, Faiza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Cheikh, Ridha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baklouti, Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denchev, Zlatan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, Antonio M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Polymer Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interface adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silanization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">519-528</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Abdallah, Faiza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Cheikh, Ridha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baklouti, Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denchev, Zlatan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, Antonio M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Polymer Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interface adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silanization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10965-009-9339-yhttp://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10965-009-9339-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">519 - 528</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Rita Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrastructural Observations Reveal the Presence of Channels between Cork Cells</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calotropis procera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phellogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasmodesmata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539-544</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ultrastructure of phellem cells of Quercus Silber L. (cork oak) and Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were analyzed using electron transmission microscopy to determine the presence or absence of plasmodesmata (PD). Different types of Q. Silber cork samples were studied: one year shoots; virgin cork (first periderm), reproduction cork (traumatic periderm), and wet cork. The channel structures of PD were found in all the samples crossing adjacent cell walls through the suberin layer of the secondary wait. Calotropis phellem also showed PD crossing the cell walls of adjacent cells but in fewer numbers compared to Q. suber. In one year stems of cork oak, it was possible to follow the physiologically active PD with ribosomic accumulation next to the aperture of the channel seen in the phellogen cells to the completely obstructed channels in the dead cells that characterize the phellem tissue.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Rita Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrastructural Observations Reveal the Presence of Channels between Cork Cells</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calotropis procera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phellogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasmodesmata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539 - 544</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ultrastructure of phellem cells of Quercus Silber L. (cork oak) and Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were analyzed using electron transmission microscopy to determine the presence or absence of plasmodesmata (PD). Different types of Q. Silber cork samples were studied: one year shoots; virgin cork (first periderm), reproduction cork (traumatic periderm), and wet cork. The channel structures of PD were found in all the samples crossing adjacent cell walls through the suberin layer of the secondary wait. Calotropis phellem also showed PD crossing the cell walls of adjacent cells but in fewer numbers compared to Q. suber. In one year stems of cork oak, it was possible to follow the physiologically active PD with ribosomic accumulation next to the aperture of the channel seen in the phellogen cells to the completely obstructed channels in the dead cells that characterize the phellem tissue.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karbowiak, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gougeon, Régis D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alinc, Jean-Baptiste</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brachais, Laurent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debeaufort, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voilley, Andrée</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chassagne, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wine Oxidation and the Role of Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">permeability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">white wine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present review aims to show the state of the art of oxidation mechanisms occurring especially in white wines by taking into account knowledge from different fields in relation to the subject. It is therefore divided into three main parts. First, the mechanisms of oxidation relevant to white wine are discussed in the light of recent scientific literature. Next, the phenomenon of oxygen solubility in wine during the winemaking process, and in particular during bottling is stated theoretically as well as practically. Finally, the aspect of wine conservation after bottling is examined with respect to mass transfers which may occur through the closure, with a special emphasis on cork. Currently, specific physico-chemical properties still make cork closures the most important closure type used for the wine market, and especially for high quality wines. This final section will also include a review of studies performed on this subject, which have been analyzed in detail from a theoretical mass transfer point of view, in order to assess the extent to which the proposed scientific tools and the observed tendencies are relevant to progress in the understanding of the impact of this parameter on the behavior of a wine.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/10408390802248585</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/10408390802248585</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avery, Tim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork carries coffee.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Packaging Digest</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COOLCORC (Company)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRINKING cups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEMPHIS (Tenn.)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TENNESSEE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WRIGHT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canon Communications</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article reports on the new material for hot beverage cup sleeves from Memphis, Tennessee-based company CoolCorC. The company is now selling hot beverage cup sleeves made out of cork. Cofounders and brothers, Larry Wright and Josh Wright, states that their newly developed product protects the hand from hot a lot better than the existing paper sleeves.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accession Number: 34285939; Avery, Tim; Issue Info: Sep2008, Vol. 45 Issue 9, p41; Subject Term: CORK; Subject Term: DRINKING cups; Subject: MEMPHIS (Tenn.); Subject: TENNESSEE ; Company/Entity: COOLCORC (Company); People: WRIGHT, Josh; People: WRIGHT, Larry; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: Article</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accession Number: 34285939; Avery, Tim; Issue Info: Sep2008, Vol. 45 Issue 9, p41; Subject Term: CORK; Subject Term: DRINKING cups; Subject: MEMPHIS (Tenn.); Subject: TENNESSEE ; Company/Entity: COOLCORC (Company); People: WRIGHT, Josh; People: WRIGHT, Larry; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: Article</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avery, Tim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork carries coffee.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Packaging Digest</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COOLCORC (Company)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRINKING cups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEMPHIS (Tenn.)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TENNESSEE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WRIGHT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=bth&amp;AN=34285939&amp;lang=pt-br&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article reports on the new material for hot beverage cup sleeves from Memphis, Tennessee-based company CoolCorC. The company is now selling hot beverage cup sleeves made out of cork. Cofounders and brothers, Larry Wright and Josh Wright, states that their newly developed product protects the hand from hot a lot better than the existing paper sleeves.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accession Number: 34285939; Avery, Tim; Issue Info: Sep2008, Vol. 45 Issue 9, p41; Subject Term: CORK; Subject Term: DRINKING cups; Subject: MEMPHIS (Tenn.); Subject: TENNESSEE ; Company/Entity: COOLCORC (Company); People: WRIGHT, Josh; People: WRIGHT, Larry; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: ArticleAccession Number: 34285939; Avery, Tim; Issue Info: Sep2008, Vol. 45 Issue 9, p41; Subject Term: CORK; Subject Term: DRINKING cups; Subject: MEMPHIS (Tenn.); Subject: TENNESSEE ; Company/Entity: COOLCORC (Company); People: WRIGHT, Josh; People: WRIGHT, Larry; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: ArticleThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Canon Communications</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M. Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00107-008-0248-2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295 - 301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreto, Luís Soares</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O Algoritmo BARCOR: Classificação de Cortiça para Rolhas Recorrendo a Quatro Atributos de Qualidade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stoppers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207 - 227</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522008000300006&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">t. The author proposes an analytical method named algorithm BARCOR that integrates TOPSIS (&quot;Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution&quot;), regression, tree models and cluster analysis, to select the minimum number of attributes of cork quality to efficiently classify this material when used to the production of stoppers. When using attributes evenly weighted he shows that only the four attributes are sufficient. If unevenly weights of the attributes are used, this number can be reduced to three. He proposes two models with four and three attributes as explanatory variables to obtain expedite and preliminary classifications of the cork. He admits that the algorithm has potential to be applied in other similar situations.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: scielopt</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreto, Luís Soares</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O Algoritmo BARCOR: Classificação de Cortiça para Rolhas Recorrendo a Quatro Atributos de Qualidade</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stoppers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scielopt</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-227</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522008000300006&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">t. The author proposes an analytical method named algorithm BARCOR that integrates TOPSIS (&quot;Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution&quot;), regression, tree models and cluster analysis, to select the minimum number of attributes of cork quality to efficiently classify this material when used to the production of stoppers. When using attributes evenly weighted he shows that only the four attributes are sufficient. If unevenly weights of the attributes are used, this number can be reduced to three. He proposes two models with four and three attributes as explanatory variables to obtain expedite and preliminary classifications of the cork. He admits that the algorithm has potential to be applied in other similar situations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gameiro, Celina Pires</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cirne, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary, Gérard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental study of the quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of cork under compressive loading</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Materials Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compressive behaviour (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress-strain curves</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4316-4324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork is a natural cellular material with increasing industrial applications due to its remarkable combination of properties. Its mechanical behaviour explains why it is often used for applications like sealing, packaging, insulation, vibration control, weight reduction, ﬂotation, sound damping, etc. However, the mechanical behaviour of cork when subjected to impact has not been well investigated yet since the studies described in the literature generally focus strain rates below 10 –1 s –1 . Understanding the behaviour of cork at high rates of deformation becomes imperative when considering applications such as crash protection. Hence, in the present work, the authors compare the quasi-static and dynamic response of four types of cork when compressed axially at strain rates from 10 –3 s –1 to 600 s –1 . Data from the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bars are used to generate stress–strain curves for natural and agglomerate cork samples, and the results are discussed in terms of the cellular structure of cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gameiro, Celina Pires</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cirne, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary, Gérard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental study of the quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of cork under compressive loading</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Materials Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compressive behaviour (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress-strain curves</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10853-006-0675-6http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10853-006-0675-6</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4316 - 4324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork is a natural cellular material with increasing industrial applications due to its remarkable combination of properties. Its mechanical behaviour explains why it is often used for applications like sealing, packaging, insulation, vibration control, weight reduction, ﬂotation, sound damping, etc. However, the mechanical behaviour of cork when subjected to impact has not been well investigated yet since the studies described in the literature generally focus strain rates below 10 –1 s –1 . Understanding the behaviour of cork at high rates of deformation becomes imperative when considering applications such as crash protection. Hence, in the present work, the authors compare the quasi-static and dynamic response of four types of cork when compressed axially at strain rates from 10 –3 s –1 to 600 s –1 . Data from the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bars are used to generate stress–strain curves for natural and agglomerate cork samples, and the results are discussed in terms of the cellular structure of cork.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Catarina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorge, Fernando Caldeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irle, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Jose Maria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing the setting of cement when mixed with cork, blue gum, or maritime pine, grown in Portugal - II: X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyzes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">differential thermal analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X-ray diffraction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER TOKYO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is already known by the scientific and industrial communities that lignocellulosic substrates are, to a certain extent, inhibitors of the hydration reaction of cement. The extent to which and how they influence such reactions is still a matter of debate. Several techniques, such as calorimetry, i.e., the measurement of the heat evolved or obtaining temperature profiles during the hydration, the determination of extractive contents of lignocellulosic substrates and their relation with the characteristics of the hydration curves, or even testing of the mechanical properties of the wood-cement composites, have been used in previous research. This study complements past research using two techniques that have been used in the analysis of cement hydration but are not usually applied to lignocellulose-cement mixes, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The raw materials for this study were three lignocellulosic materials of Portuguese origin: cork (the bark of Quercus suber L.), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait); and Portland cement. The two techniques allowed tracking of the evolution of the main cement constituents during hydration. It was found that all the lignocellulosic substrates had detrimental effects on cement hydration. The blue gum exhibited the fastest hydration kinetics in the initial stage of reaction, but was then overtaken by cork, which at the end gave the highest hydration conversion amongst the three lignocellulosic substrates. Although pine caused the slowest initial hydration kinetics, with the passage of time its effect approached that of blue gum. At the end of the hydration period, specimens containing either species had similar quantities of hydration reaction products. The DTA and XRD results were consistent and are in good agreement with the temperature profiles and compatibility indexes reported in a previous work.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Catarina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorge, Fernando Caldeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irle, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Jose Maria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing the setting of cement when mixed with cork, blue gum, or maritime pine, grown in Portugal - II: X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyzes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">differential thermal analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X-ray diffraction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318 - 324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is already known by the scientific and industrial communities that lignocellulosic substrates are, to a certain extent, inhibitors of the hydration reaction of cement. The extent to which and how they influence such reactions is still a matter of debate. Several techniques, such as calorimetry, i.e., the measurement of the heat evolved or obtaining temperature profiles during the hydration, the determination of extractive contents of lignocellulosic substrates and their relation with the characteristics of the hydration curves, or even testing of the mechanical properties of the wood-cement composites, have been used in previous research. This study complements past research using two techniques that have been used in the analysis of cement hydration but are not usually applied to lignocellulose-cement mixes, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The raw materials for this study were three lignocellulosic materials of Portuguese origin: cork (the bark of Quercus suber L.), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait); and Portland cement. The two techniques allowed tracking of the evolution of the main cement constituents during hydration. It was found that all the lignocellulosic substrates had detrimental effects on cement hydration. The blue gum exhibited the fastest hydration kinetics in the initial stage of reaction, but was then overtaken by cork, which at the end gave the highest hydration conversion amongst the three lignocellulosic substrates. Although pine caused the slowest initial hydration kinetics, with the passage of time its effect approached that of blue gum. At the end of the hydration period, specimens containing either species had similar quantities of hydration reaction products. The DTA and XRD results were consistent and are in good agreement with the temperature profiles and compatibility indexes reported in a previous work.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN&lt;br/&gt;publisher: SPRINGER TOKYO</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branco, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formation of Acutissimin A in red wine through the contact with cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acutissimin A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HPLC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217 - 221</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study shows that when cork material gets in contact with wine, the elagitannins which exist in the cork material (namely one called vescalagin) react with the catechins present in the wine, producing, among others, Acutissimin A, which is an anti-tumoural agent about 250 times more potent than one of the most common anti-cancer drugs clinically used (VP-16). So, the contact of wine samples without the barrel winemaking stage (oak contact) was carried out with cork in order to determine the presence of Acutissimin A. After a contact time of about 30 min, 150 min and 6 days, Acutissimin A was detected in all samples containing cork. In the samples in which the contact was with oak wood, in our conditions, it was not possible to detect Acutissimin A.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 42 RUE MARSAN, 33300 BORDEAUX, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: VIGNE ET VIN PUBLICATIONS INT</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branco, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formation of Acutissimin A in red wine through the contact with cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acutissimin A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HPLC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIGNE ET VIN PUBLICATIONS INT</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42 RUE MARSAN, 33300 BORDEAUX, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-221</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study shows that when cork material gets in contact with wine, the elagitannins which exist in the cork material (namely one called vescalagin) react with the catechins present in the wine, producing, among others, Acutissimin A, which is an anti-tumoural agent about 250 times more potent than one of the most common anti-cancer drugs clinically used (VP-16). So, the contact of wine samples without the barrel winemaking stage (oak contact) was carried out with cork in order to determine the presence of Acutissimin A. After a contact time of about 30 min, 150 min and 6 days, Acutissimin A was detected in all samples containing cork. In the samples in which the contact was with oak wood, in our conditions, it was not possible to detect Acutissimin A.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Sara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol-derived ester oligomers from cork suberin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry and physics of lipids</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a-o-Diacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESI-MS/MS analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerolipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o-Hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork suberin polyester was partially depolymerized by a methanolysis reaction catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. The methanolisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS in the form of [M+Li](+) adduct-ions. This reaction solubilized a mixture of monomers and oligomers, including a set of glycerol-derived dimeric and trimeric esters. Four types of glycerol esters were identified: monoacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids, of omega-hydroxyacids and of monoacids; diglycerol diesters of alpha,omega-diacids; diacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids; monoacylglycerols of linear dimeric esters of alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. The alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the glycerol esters are the main ones found as cork suberin monomers. It is concluded that suberin is a glycerol-derived lipid of polymeric dimensions. Due to the protective and insulating role that it plays in plants, suberin should be considered together with the other known glycerolipids that build up biological membranes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16979606</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Sara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol-derived ester oligomers from cork suberin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry and physics of lipids</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a-o-Diacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESI-MS/MS analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerolipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o-Hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16979606</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96 - 107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork suberin polyester was partially depolymerized by a methanolysis reaction catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. The methanolisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS in the form of [M+Li](+) adduct-ions. This reaction solubilized a mixture of monomers and oligomers, including a set of glycerol-derived dimeric and trimeric esters. Four types of glycerol esters were identified: monoacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids, of omega-hydroxyacids and of monoacids; diglycerol diesters of alpha,omega-diacids; diacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids; monoacylglycerols of linear dimeric esters of alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. The alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the glycerol esters are the main ones found as cork suberin monomers. It is concluded that suberin is a glycerol-derived lipid of polymeric dimensions. Due to the protective and insulating role that it plays in plants, suberin should be considered together with the other known glycerolipids that build up biological membranes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 16979606</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basílio, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaspar, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates-preliminary analysis of their genomic similarity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista iberoamericana Micologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA fingerprinting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungal genomic similarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium glabrum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1130140606700353</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151 - 154</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are not completely understood although they are considered to be involved in the so-called &quot;cork taint&quot; of wine. It is essential to (a) identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and (b) trace their origin to the forest and/or the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal.Chrysonilis sitophila dominance was confirmed, followed by a high diversity of Oenicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, which was found in all samples, was the most frequently isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork specific fungi can contribute.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basílio, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaspar, R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates-preliminary analysis of their genomic similarity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista iberoamericana Micologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA fingerprinting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungal genomic similarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penicillium glabrum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-154</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are not completely understood although they are considered to be involved in the so-called &quot;cork taint&quot; of wine. It is essential to (a) identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and (b) trace their origin to the forest and/or the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal.Chrysonilis sitophila dominance was confirmed, followed by a high diversity of Oenicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, which was found in all samples, was the most frequently isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork specific fungi can contribute.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrott, P J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro Carrott, M M L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mourão, P.a.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pore size control in activated carbons obtained by pyrolysis under different conditions of chemically impregnated cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activated carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microporosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activated carbons were prepared by the pyrolysis of cork impregnated with potassium and sodium hydroxides and carbonates as well as phosphoric acid and the effect of ﬁve experimental parameters, namely method of impregnation, impregnant concentration, mass ratio, precursor particle size and pyrolysis temperature, were studied. It is shown that cork is a versatile precursor and allows us to prepare a wide variety of materials with quite different pore structural characteristics by precise control of the impregnation and pyrolysis conditions. Even under relatively mild conditions, it was possible to produce cork based carbons with high pore volumes, in the range 0.5–0.7 cm 3 g 1 , and to simultaneously control the mean pore width over a three-fold range from a value as low as 0.7 nm up to a value as high as 2.2 nm. The best materials produced present pore structural characteristics which are signiﬁcantly different to the vast majority of commercial activated carbons. In particular, the possibility of obtaining such high pore volumes in essentially microporous materials, containing virtually no mesoporosity in most cases, is noteworthy. Furthermore, the fact that it was possible with some samples to combine high pore volume and very narrow micropore size is a particularly notable achievement.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrott, P. J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro Carrott, M. M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mourão, P. a M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pore size control in activated carbons obtained by pyrolysis under different conditions of chemically impregnated cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activated carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microporosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165237005001191</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120 - 127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activated carbons were prepared by the pyrolysis of cork impregnated with potassium and sodium hydroxides and carbonates as well as phosphoric acid and the effect of ﬁve experimental parameters, namely method of impregnation, impregnant concentration, mass ratio, precursor particle size and pyrolysis temperature, were studied. It is shown that cork is a versatile precursor and allows us to prepare a wide variety of materials with quite different pore structural characteristics by precise control of the impregnation and pyrolysis conditions. Even under relatively mild conditions, it was possible to produce cork based carbons with high pore volumes, in the range 0.5–0.7 cm 3 g 1 , and to simultaneously control the mean pore width over a three-fold range from a value as low as 0.7 nm up to a value as high as 2.2 nm. The best materials produced present pore structural characteristics which are signiﬁcantly different to the vast majority of commercial activated carbons. In particular, the possibility of obtaining such high pore volumes in essentially microporous materials, containing virtually no mesoporosity in most cases, is noteworthy. Furthermore, the fact that it was possible with some samples to combine high pore volume and very narrow micropore size is a particularly notable achievement.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanco, S Zapata</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Series de deflactores corcheros desde 1900</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asociación Española de Historia Económica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deflators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twentieth century</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work is to elaborate series of deflators, for whole twentieth century, of three representative products in the cork business: raw cork, corkwood in planks and stoppers of natural cork. Given that prices of these products are not available, the data bases for reconstruction are, on one hand, unitary values of production and exports from Portugal and Spain and, on the other hand, unitary ones of United Kingdom’s imports. By using these values, selected after different tests of coherence and credibility, Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher’s indexes and a “synthetic cork deflator” are calculated. Then, a preliminary analysis about the unitary values as a proxy to the prices during the second half of twentieth century is realized. At last, the main figures which have been employed to the building of the deflators are shown in a statistical appendix.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanco, S. Zapata</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Series de deflactores corcheros desde 1900</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deflators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twentieth century</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2336701</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work is to elaborate series of deflators, for whole twentieth century, of three representative products in the cork business: raw cork, corkwood in planks and stoppers of natural cork. Given that prices of these products are not available, the data bases for reconstruction are, on one hand, unitary values of production and exports from Portugal and Spain and, on the other hand, unitary ones of United Kingdom’s imports. By using these values, selected after different tests of coherence and credibility, Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher’s indexes and a “synthetic cork deflator” are calculated. Then, a preliminary analysis about the unitary values as a proxy to the prices during the second half of twentieth century is realized. At last, the main figures which have been employed to the building of the deflators are shown in a statistical appendix.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;secondary-title: Asociación Española de Historia Económica&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Asociación Española de Historia Económica</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, Alessandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin: A promising renewable resource for novel macromolecular materials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in Polymer Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dicarboxylic acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-chain aliphatic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079670006000682</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">878 - 892</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin, an aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked natural polymer present in the outer tissues of numerous vegetable species, is discussed in terms of (i) its occurrence, particularly where it dominates the bark composition of some trees, (ii) its macromolecular structure and positioning within the cell wall, (iii) its controlled chemical splicing (depolymerization through ester cleavage), (iv) the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ensuing monomeric fragments, and (v) the exploitation of this mixture of monomers in macromolecular science, both as a possible functional additive and as a source of novel materials. The presence of terminal carboxylic and hydroxy groups and of side hydroxy and epoxy moieties on the long chains of suberin ‘‘monomers’’ makes them particularly suited as building blocks for polymers with original architectures and interesting properties</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, Alessandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin: A promising renewable resource for novel macromolecular materials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in Polymer Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dicarboxylic acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-chain aliphatic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">878-892</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin, an aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked natural polymer present in the outer tissues of numerous vegetable species, is discussed in terms of (i) its occurrence, particularly where it dominates the bark composition of some trees, (ii) its macromolecular structure and positioning within the cell wall, (iii) its controlled chemical splicing (depolymerization through ester cleavage), (iv) the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ensuing monomeric fragments, and (v) the exploitation of this mixture of monomers in macromolecular science, both as a possible functional additive and as a source of novel materials. The presence of terminal carboxylic and hydroxy groups and of side hydroxy and epoxy moieties on the long chains of suberin ‘‘monomers’’ makes them particularly suited as building blocks for polymers with original architectures and interesting properties</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castola, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marongiu, Bruno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bighelli, Ange</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floris, Constantino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laı̈, Adolfo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, Joseph</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractives of cork (Quercus suber L.): chemical composition of dichloromethane and supercritical CO2 extracts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 c nmr</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supercritical extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">triterpenes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669003001523</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65 - 69</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3349552412</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The polymeric matrix of the cork is mainly composed of suberin, lignin and polysaccharides and contains also extractives. Typical components of the extracted mixtures are triterpenes belonging to friedelane, lupane and steroid families and long chain alkanes and alkanols. Two extractive methods have been used, the conventional extraction with a solvent (SE) using dichloromethane (DCM) and the innovative method which uses as solvent supercritical CO2 (SFE) at moderate pressures (200–250 bar). Identiﬁcation and quantitation of the individual triterpenoids and steroids present in the extracts have been carried out by means of the computer aided 13 C NMR analysis without previous separation. Friedelin was found as the main component of the extracts. The main difference between the two extracts concerned the contents of sitost-4-en-3-one which represented 15% of the CO2 extract against 3% in the DCM extract. Similarly, -sitosterol was found in CO2 extract (3%) but not in DCM extract.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castola, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marongiu, Bruno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bighelli, Ange</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floris, Constantino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laı̈, Adolfo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, Joseph</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractives of cork (Quercus suber L.): chemical composition of dichloromethane and supercritical CO2 extracts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 c nmr</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supercritical extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">triterpenes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-69</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3349552412</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The polymeric matrix of the cork is mainly composed of suberin, lignin and polysaccharides and contains also extractives. Typical components of the extracted mixtures are triterpenes belonging to friedelane, lupane and steroid families and long chain alkanes and alkanols. Two extractive methods have been used, the conventional extraction with a solvent (SE) using dichloromethane (DCM) and the innovative method which uses as solvent supercritical CO2 (SFE) at moderate pressures (200–250 bar). Identiﬁcation and quantitation of the individual triterpenoids and steroids present in the extracts have been carried out by means of the computer aided 13 C NMR analysis without previous separation. Friedelin was found as the main component of the extracts. The main difference between the two extracts concerned the contents of sitost-4-en-3-one which represented 15% of the CO2 extract against 3% in the DCM extract. Similarly, -sitosterol was found in CO2 extract (3%) but not in DCM extract.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, M. Á</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moutinho, A. M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Berg, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boon, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Brink, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heeren, R. M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holzforschung</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MALDI-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin fragmentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487 - 493</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation; with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols and ferulic acid. Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, M F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, M Á</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moutinho, A M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Berg, K J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boon, J J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Brink, O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heeren, R M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holzforschung</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MALDI-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin fragmentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-493</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation; with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols and ferulic acid. Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazzoleni, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dallagiovanna, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trevisan, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicelli, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persistent organic pollutants in cork used for production of wine stoppers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organochlorine pesticides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAHs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PCBs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1547-1552</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owing to the lipophilic character of some components of cork and the long periods in the open air (during growth and barks storage), there is a risk of the cork becoming environmentally polluted. Moreover, cork stoppers are in contact with wines for periods ranging from a few months to several years; so they must maintain high levels of hygiene. The present work aims to investigate the level of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PAHs in cork from different countries, used for the manufacturing of one-piece wine stoppers. Samples of cork were analysed using a multi-residue method. PCBs were not detected in all the samples; only a few samples contained detectable amounts of DDE; phenanthrene and anthracene were found in all the samples and fluoranthene in fewer cases. It was not possible to find a significant correlation between POPs concentration and origin of cork. Globally, the detected amounts are consistent with values found in foods, so the investigated cork show a suitable hygienic quality.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15694474</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazzoleni, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dallagiovanna, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trevisan, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicelli, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persistent organic pollutants in cork used for production of wine stoppers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organochlorine pesticides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAHs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PCBs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694474</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1547 - 1552</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owing to the lipophilic character of some components of cork and the long periods in the open air (during growth and barks storage), there is a risk of the cork becoming environmentally polluted. Moreover, cork stoppers are in contact with wines for periods ranging from a few months to several years; so they must maintain high levels of hygiene. The present work aims to investigate the level of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PAHs in cork from different countries, used for the manufacturing of one-piece wine stoppers. Samples of cork were analysed using a multi-residue method. PCBs were not detected in all the samples; only a few samples contained detectable amounts of DDE; phenanthrene and anthracene were found in all the samples and fluoranthene in fewer cases. It was not possible to find a significant correlation between POPs concentration and origin of cork. Globally, the detected amounts are consistent with values found in foods, so the investigated cork show a suitable hygienic quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 15694474</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The periderm development in Quercus suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lenticels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phellem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phellogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-335</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the cork oak (Quercus suber L.), the phellogen differentiates during the first year of growth in the cell layer immediately under the epidermis and divides to form 3–6 suberized phellem cells. Division of the phellogen only occurs after suberization of the previous divided cell. During the first four years of growth, the phellem cells have tannin-filled lumens and it is only in the 5th to 7th years that they acquire the characteristics of ʻadultʼ cork cells with empty lumens and thin suberized walls. The len- ticels are formed by the lenticular phellogen, which differentiates under the stomata and has a high meristematic activity. In this region, the cells are unsuberized, with a loose arrangement and intercellular voids, consti- tuting the filling or complementary tissue. After three years, the lenticels appear as small protuberances that soon become conspicuous. Inclusions of sclerenchymatous nodules and isolated sclereids occur occasionally mostly in the vicinity of, or in, the lenticels.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castola, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bighelli, Ange</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rezzi, Serge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melloni, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gladiali, Serafino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desjobert, Jean-Marie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, Joseph</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composition and chemical variability of the triterpene fraction of dichloromethane extracts of cork (Quercus suber L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extracts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-22</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3349552412</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dichloromethane extracts were prepared from 38 samples of cork harvested in different locations of Corsica and Sardinia from individual trees of Quercus suber L. Friedelin, 3--hydroxyfriedelan-2-one, betulin, betulinic acid, -sitosterol and sitost-4-en-3-one were identiﬁed and their molar percentages were calculated by 13 C NMR spectroscopy, following a procedure recently developed by our group. The results were submitted to chemometric analysis (k-means and principal component analysis), which allowed three groups to be distinguished with respect to the content of friedelin, betulinic acid and 3--hydroxyfriedelan-2-one.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castola, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bighelli, Ange</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rezzi, Serge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melloni, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gladiali, Serafino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desjobert, Jean-Marie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, Joseph</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composition and chemical variability of the triterpene fraction of dichloromethane extracts of cork (Quercus suber L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extracts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669001000917</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15 - 22</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3349552412</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dichloromethane extracts were prepared from 38 samples of cork harvested in different locations of Corsica and Sardinia from individual trees of Quercus suber L. Friedelin, 3--hydroxyfriedelan-2-one, betulin, betulinic acid, -sitosterol and sitost-4-en-3-one were identiﬁed and their molar percentages were calculated by 13 C NMR spectroscopy, following a procedure recently developed by our group. The results were submitted to chemometric analysis (k-means and principal component analysis), which allowed three groups to be distinguished with respect to the content of friedelin, betulinic acid and 3--hydroxyfriedelan-2-one.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villaescusa, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiol, Núria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristiani, Franco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floris, Costantino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Simona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurchi, Valeria Marina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copper(II) and nickel(II) uptake from aqueous solutions by cork wastes: a NMR and potentiometric study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyhedron</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">copper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nickel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potentiometric titration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid state 13C MAS and CP-MAS NMR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1363-1367</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the increasing interest in the use of biomasses from agriculture as removing agents for heavy metals in waste effluents, we present here a joint potentiometric and 13C MAS and cross polarization-magic angle spinning NMR (CP-MAS NMR) study on cork interaction with Cu(II) and Ni(II). Through potentiometry we were able to distinguish two kind of interactions, a stronger one which involves protonated sites on cork and a second that allows hydroxide precipitation of the bound metal ion into the cork structure. NMR signal analysis suggests a specific metal complexation on the carbohydrate moieties of polymeric cork matrix. The 13C MAS NMR suggests that the dynamics in the MHz range and the overall arrangement of polymeric matrix is not affected by metal binding; and the spin relaxation times T1ρ(1H) and T1ρ(13C) show that no significant difference of relaxation processes in the KHz range is introduced by metal coordination.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villaescusa, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiol, Núria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristiani, Franco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floris, Costantino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Simona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurchi, Valeria Marina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copper(II) and nickel(II) uptake from aqueous solutions by cork wastes: a NMR and potentiometric study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyhedron</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">copper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nickel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potentiometric titration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid state 13C MAS and CP-MAS NMR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277538702009579</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1363 - 1367</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the increasing interest in the use of biomasses from agriculture as removing agents for heavy metals in waste effluents, we present here a joint potentiometric and 13C MAS and cross polarization-magic angle spinning NMR (CP-MAS NMR) study on cork interaction with Cu(II) and Ni(II). Through potentiometry we were able to distinguish two kind of interactions, a stronger one which involves protonated sites on cork and a second that allows hydroxide precipitation of the bound metal ion into the cork structure. NMR signal analysis suggests a specific metal complexation on the carbohydrate moieties of polymeric cork matrix. The 13C MAS NMR suggests that the dynamics in the MHz range and the overall arrangement of polymeric matrix is not affected by metal binding; and the spin relaxation times T1ρ(1H) and T1ρ(13C) show that no significant difference of relaxation processes in the KHz range is introduced by metal coordination.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14–15</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The organosolv fractionation of cork components</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-13 NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethanol/water extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organosolv fractionation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135 - 142</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to organosolv fractionation and the effects of different process variables, such as ethanol/water ratio, temperature, time and the presence of acidic or alkaline catalysts, were studied. The variation of the relative proportions of extracted components, as a function of the processing conditions, could thus be established. Whereas the addition of 0.1 M acetic acid only increased the yield of extracted materials from about 15 to 23 %, the use of sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, produced a jump to 76 %. In the case of the alkaline organosolv fractionation. an increase in process temperature, time and catalyst concentration led to an increase in the extraction yield, although in some cases this increase did not follow a sustained trend, as in the case of reaction time. Increasing the ethanol/water ratio led to a higher selectivity in favour of suberin extraction. Residual cork from different organosolv processes was characterised by FTIR and C-13 solid-state NMR. The latter technique provided some valuable information about both process selectivity and cork morphology, particularly with respect to the positioning of suberin macromolecules in the cell wall.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY&lt;br/&gt;publisher: WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The viscoelastic properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of materials science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">viscoelastic properties (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/J5TG6582255T4HK6.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257 - 263</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The viscoelastic properties of cork (from Quercus suber) have been investigated in the temperature range −40 to 120 ◦ C using the technique of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results were compared with dielectric data previously reported. A relaxation was detected with a maximum in tan δ at ca 20 ◦ C (f = 1 Hz) and with a mean activation energy of 140 kJ ·mol−1 . A decrease in the intensity of the relaxation and an increase of the storage modulus is observed when cork is previously subjected to an annealing process above 60 ◦ C. This result is in agreement with previously reported dielectric data. Thermogravimetric experiments seem to conﬁrm that such effect could be caused by the desorption of water molecules. Specimens oriented along the prismatic direction presented higher storage modulus than the ones oriented along the transverse prismatic direction. The rheological properties of cork also showed a dependence upon the mechanical mode used during measurements: for example, the stiffness is the highest for the tensile mode and the lowest for the compression mode.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The viscoelastic properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of materials science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">viscoelastic properties (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-263</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The viscoelastic properties of cork (from Quercus suber) have been investigated in the temperature range −40 to 120 ◦ C using the technique of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results were compared with dielectric data previously reported. A relaxation was detected with a maximum in tan δ at ca 20 ◦ C (f = 1 Hz) and with a mean activation energy of 140 kJ ·mol−1 . A decrease in the intensity of the relaxation and an increase of the storage modulus is observed when cork is previously subjected to an annealing process above 60 ◦ C. This result is in agreement with previously reported dielectric data. Thermogravimetric experiments seem to conﬁrm that such effect could be caused by the desorption of water molecules. Specimens oriented along the prismatic direction presented higher storage modulus than the ones oriented along the transverse prismatic direction. The rheological properties of cork also showed a dependence upon the mechanical mode used during measurements: for example, the stiffness is the highest for the tensile mode and the lowest for the compression mode.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZALEZ-ADRADOS, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De laVEGA, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCIDENCIA DE LA MANCHA AMARILLA SOBRE LA CALIDAD DEL CORCHO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yellow stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A brief survey is presented about the state-of-the-art of the influence over cork quality of the so called &quot;yellow stain&quot;, a cork anomaly related to non-desired taints in wine. Data coming from an inquiry to the industry on this topic are presented, showing the importance of the problem. A bibliographical search on the mechanical, chemical, and microbiological characterization of cork presenting this defect has also been done. Final results show the changes in the industrial processes and the techniques that are being studied to obtain the cork quality level requested by the wineries</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García Vallejo, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varea, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCIA DE LA &quot;MANCHA AMARILLA&quot; SOBRE LA COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DEL CORCHO Y LA PRESENCIA DE TCA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yellow stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The anomaly of cork known as &quot;yellow stain&quot; has been considered as the main responsible for the presence, in some cork stoppers, of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), compound that confers the &quot;cork taint&quot; to wine. In this Communication, a comparative study on the chemical composition of cork (suberin, waxes, polyphenols, holocellulose and lignin) and on the presence of chloroanisoles and chlorophenols is carried out with samples of healthy cork and cork affected with that anomaly. The cork with &quot;yellow stain&quot; differed from the healthy cork because of the presence of TCA and the low content of tannins.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García Vallejo, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varea, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahia, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCIA DE LA &quot;MANCHA AMARILLA&quot; SOBRE LA COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DEL CORCHO Y LA PRESENCIA DE TCA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yellow stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The anomaly of cork known as &quot;yellow stain&quot; has been considered as the main responsible for the presence, in some cork stoppers, of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), compound that confers the &quot;cork taint&quot; to wine. In this Communication, a comparative study on the chemical composition of cork (suberin, waxes, polyphenols, holocellulose and lignin) and on the presence of chloroanisoles and chlorophenols is carried out with samples of healthy cork and cork affected with that anomaly. The cork with &quot;yellow stain&quot; differed from the healthy cork because of the presence of TCA and the low content of tannins.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: III Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;issue: 1995&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Granada</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baas, P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leeuwenhoek's observations on the anatomy of bark</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biohistory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fibres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phloem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sclereids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leeuwenhoek's letter to the Royal Society of 27 March 1705, dealing with the anatomy of bark of cherry, birch, cinnamon, lime and cork oak is reviewed. It contains many detailed observations and illustrations of, i.a., ray dilatation, various types of phloem sclerenchyma, and annual rings in cork. This is another example of Leeuwenhoek's importance as an early plant anatomist.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baas, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leeuwenhoek's observations on the anatomy of bark</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biohistory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fibres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phloem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sclereids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123 - 127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leeuwenhoek's letter to the Royal Society of 27 March 1705, dealing with the anatomy of bark of cherry, birch, cinnamon, lime and cork oak is reviewed. It contains many detailed observations and illustrations of, i.a., ray dilatation, various types of phloem sclerenchyma, and annual rings in cork. This is another example of Leeuwenhoek's importance as an early plant anatomist.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY&lt;br/&gt;publisher: WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Vega, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristóbal, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROCESADO DE LABORATORIO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE LOS PARAMETROS CARACTERISTICOS DEL CORCHO EN PLANCHA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characteristic parameter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We enumerate a register of trials and laboratory operations to process pluggings from probes and cork planks in general. We also set the cheracteristic parameter before and after heating and the formula to calculate them is shown</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA DE CECA, J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VARIABILIDAD DE LOS PARAMETROS CARACTERÍSTICOS DEL CORCHO EN PLANCHA CON LA ALTURA DE EXTRACCIÓN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characteristic parameter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135 cork sample planks have been gotten from 15 trees ready to uncork. Planks were taken from 5 different heights and 2 orientations. 12 variables have been measured and studied from them. The following variables show a decrease in their values with the extraction height: Yearly average growth in thickness and superficial density before and after boiling. Two groups based on the sampling average height of 130 cm can be made with the following variables: thickness expansion, visual quality and coefficient of porosity. With few exceptions, the quality index (QI) shows a bigger commercial value for the cork coming from the upper part of the debarking height</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barros, A. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rutledge, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delgadillo, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability of cork from Portuguese Quercus suber studied by solid-state 13C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopolymers</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C-cross-polarization with magic angle spinning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemometrics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outer product analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photoacoustic FTIR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber Linnaeus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1022</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">268 - 277</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new approach is presented for the study of the variability of Portuguese reproduction cork using solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy and photoacoustic (PAS) FTIR (FTIR-PAS) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Cork samples were collected from 12 different geographical sites, and their 13C-cross-polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) and FTIR spectra were registered. A large spectral variability among the cork samples was detected by principal component analysis and found to relate to the suberin and carbohydrate contents. This variability was independent of the sample geographical origin but significantly dependent on the cork quality, thus enabling the distinction of cork samples according to the latter property. The suberin content of the cork samples was predicted using multivariate regression models based on the 13C-NMR and FTIR spectra of the samples as reported previously. Finally, the relationship between the variability of the 13C-CP/MAS spectra with that of the FTIR-PAS spectra was studied by outer product analysis. This type of multivariate analysis enabled a clear correlation to be established between the peaks assigned to suberin and carbohydrate in the FTIR spectrum and those appearing in the 13C-CP/MAS spectra. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 268–277, 2001</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Alexandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du liège dans une région de production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000169</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187 - 193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between tree and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Alexandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du liège dans une région de production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between tree and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of cork growth and quality in one region of production.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between toe and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of cork growth and quality in one region of production.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187 - 193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between toe and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Marta H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Ana M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, Carlos Pascoal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composition of Suberin Extracted upon Gradual Alkaline Methanolysis of Quercus suber L. Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9909398</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383 - 391</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The monomeric composition of suberin extracts obtained by gradual alkaline methanolysis of Quercus suber cork was determined by gas chromatography?mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results show that 1-alkanols and alkanoic and α,?-alkanedioic acids are preferentially removed upon mild alkaline conditions, whereas mid-chain-modified ?-hydroxyalkanoic acids are preferentially removed under stronger alkaline conditions. Saturated ?-hydroxyalkanoic acids are found to be abundant in all suberin extracts. These results are consistent with two distinct suberin fractions with different locations in cork cell walls and/or esterification degrees. It is proposed that these fractions correlate with the two main suberin peaks in the solid state 13C NMR spectra of cork and suberin extracts. Quantitative GC-MS analysis showed that suberin monomers comprise ?30% (w/w) of the suberin extracts, the remaining comprising nonvolatile structures with high Mn values, as measured by vapor pressure osmometry. The presence of a large fraction of high molecular weight aliphatic structures in suberin extracts is supported by the corresponding NMR spectra. Keywords: Suberin; cork; Quercus suber L.; GC-MS; NMR; alkaline methanolysis</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf9909398doi: 10.1021/jf9909398The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moiteiro, Cristina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composition (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">products</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stoppers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9783527306732</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article contains sections titled: 1.Introduction1.1.Definition and Origin1.2.History1.3.Morphology1.3.1.Microscopic Aspects1.3.2.Macroscopic Aspects1.4.Chemical Composition1.4.1.Suberin1.4.2.Lignin1.4.3.Polysaccharides1.4.4.Waxes1.4.5.Tannins1.4.6.Other Components1.5.Physical and Mechanical Properties2.Cork Extraction3.Production of Cork Based Products3.1.Disks and Cork Stoppers3.2.Granulates and Broken3.3.Composition Cork3.3.1.Floor and Wall Coverings3.3.2.Agglomerated Disks and Cork Stoppers3.3.3.Corkrubber3.4.Insulation Corkboard3.5.Other Specific Products4.Uses4.1.Stoppers4.2.Civil Construction4.3.Industrial Applications4.4.Automotive Industry4.5.Other Specific Uses5.Quality and Standardization5.1.Standardization and Testing5.2.Quality in Cork Production6.Economic Aspects6.1.Forestall Production6.2.Personnel and Companies6.3.Consumption of Products and Markets6.4.Producers7.Environmental and Toxicological Aspects7.1.Industrial Wastes7.2.Recycling and Treatments7.3.Emissions8.Legal Aspects</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moiteiro, Cristina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composition (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">products</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stoppers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.f07_f01</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9783527306732</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article contains sections titled: 1.Introduction1.1.Definition and Origin1.2.History1.3.Morphology1.3.1.Microscopic Aspects1.3.2.Macroscopic Aspects1.4.Chemical Composition1.4.1.Suberin1.4.2.Lignin1.4.3.Polysaccharides1.4.4.Waxes1.4.5.Tannins1.4.6.Other Components1.5.Physical and Mechanical Properties2.Cork Extraction3.Production of Cork Based Products3.1.Disks and Cork Stoppers3.2.Granulates and Broken3.3.Composition Cork3.3.1.Floor and Wall Coverings3.3.2.Agglomerated Disks and Cork Stoppers3.3.3.Corkrubber3.4.Insulation Corkboard3.5.Other Specific Products4.Uses4.1.Stoppers4.2.Civil Construction4.3.Industrial Applications4.4.Automotive Industry4.5.Other Specific Uses5.Quality and Standardization5.1.Standardization and Testing5.2.Quality in Cork Production6.Economic Aspects6.1.Forestall Production6.2.Personnel and Companies6.3.Consumption of Products and Markets6.4.Producers7.Environmental and Toxicological Aspects7.1.Industrial Wastes7.2.Recycling and Treatments7.3.Emissions8.Legal Aspects</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry&lt;br/&gt;electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/14356007.f07_f01</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methanolysis of bark suberins: analysis of glycerol and acid monomers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monomer composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pseudotsuga menziesii</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The depolymerization and subsequent analysis of cork suberins from the outer barks of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Quercus suber was performed using a simpliﬁed methanolysis procedure. The amount of sodium methoxide catalyst was maintained at 20–30 mM and the methanolysis mixture was submitted to trimethylsilyl derivatisation and used directly for gas chromatographic analysis, allowing simultaneous quantiﬁcation of glycerol and long-chain monomers. Response factors for glycerol, ferulic acid and one saturated homologue representing each of the suberinic families (i.e. the 1-alkanols, 1-alkanoic acids, vhydroxyacids and a,v-diacids) were determined. Effective depolymerization of suberin was checked using the infrared specta of the residues after methanolysis. Glycerol is a major constituent of the suberins from P. menziesii (26% of total) and from Q. suber (14%). In both suberins, a,v-diacids are dominant, i.e. 54% of the long-chain monomers in P. menziesii (mostly saturated C16-C22 homologues and the C18 unsaturated diacid), and 53% in Q. suber (mostly the C18 unsaturated diacid and mid-chain oxygenated (epoxide and vic-diol) derivatives). In P. menziesii epoxyacids are absent. The importance of glycerol and a,v-diacids as suberin monomers supports a polymeric structure based on their successive esteriﬁcation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callaghan, P T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An NMR microscopy study of water absorption in cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Materials Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13C NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell structure (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER ABSORPTION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1891-1900</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR Microscopy is used to measure the imbibition of water into natural cork, extractives-free cork and desuberised cork. The results clearly indicate that suberin is the key constituent which determines the ability of cork to resist water uptake. Furthermore, a particular suberin with distinct spectral properties as viewed by 13C NMR is shown to be the component responsible for cork resistance to water absorption. Laser confocal microscopy suggests that this function is associated with the role of suberin in preserving cell wall structure but the highly hydrophobic nature of suberin may also play an important role. The NMR microscopy study shows that the water absorbed by natural cork, after soaking for three days, is confined to the lenticels, narrow channels on the order of 1000 to 1500 μm in diameter. One incidental outcome is the observation of a clear down-field shift in NMR frequency for water near the cut transverse surfaces of the cork, an effect~associated with susceptibility inhomogeneity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. Pascoal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barros, A. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rutledge, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delgadillo, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitation of aliphatic suberin in Quercus suber L. cork by FTIR spectroscopy and solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopolymers</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 C-cross polarization/ magic angle spinning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR spectroscopy with photoacoustic detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multivariate calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solid-state NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0282(2000)57:6&lt;344::AID-BIP40&gt;3.0.CO2-#</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">344 - 351</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work determined that the percentage of suberin in cork may be found by solid-state 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy and by FTIR with photoacoustic detection (FTIR-PAS) spectroscopy. A linear relationship is found between the suberin content measured through CP/MAS spectral areas and that measured gravimetrically. Furthermore, application of a partial least squares (PLS1) regression model to the NMR and gravimetric data sets clearly correlates the two sets, enabling suberin quantification with 90% precision. Suberin quantitation by FTIR-PAS spectroscopy is also achieved by a PLS1 regression model, giving 90% accurate estimates of the percentage of suberin in cork. Therefore, 13C-CP/MAS NMR and FTIR-PAS proved to be useful and accurate noninvasive techniques to quantify suberin in cork, thus avoiding the traditional time consuming and destructive chemical methods. © 2000 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 57: 344–351, 2000</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarychev, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, a M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral editing of 13C cp/MAS NMR spectra of complex systems: application to the structural characterisation of cork cell walls.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13CCPrMAS NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral editing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868562</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109 - 121</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A mathematical method of obtaining 13C CP/MAS subspectra of single components of a complex system is presented and applied to three- and four-component systems. The method is based on previously reported work that exploits different proton relaxation properties for different domains of an heterogeneous system. However, unlike the original method that obtained subspectra through a trial-and-error approach, the method here presented solves the problem mathematically, thus avoiding the time-consuming and non-rigorous trial-and-error step. The method is applied to mixtures of three and four polymers and to a more complex system: cork cell walls. As expected, as the number of components increases, the sharing of relaxation properties between different components is increasingly probable, either due to incidental coincidence of relaxation times or to specific interactions and intimate mixing of compounds. While this hinders the calculation of the subspectra of single chemical components, it may provide useful information about inter-component interactions. This possibility was demonstrated by the application of this method to cork cell walls. Both three-component and four-component approaches showed that three domains exist in cork cell walls: carbohydrate/lignin matrix, mobile suberin close to (probably bonded to) lignin groups (about 42% w/w) and hindered suberin close to (probably bonded to) carbohydrate-OCH2O groups (about 4% w/w).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 10868562</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarychev, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral editing of 13C cp/MAS NMR spectra of complex systems: application to the structural characterisation of cork cell walls.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13CCPrMAS NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral editing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-121</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A mathematical method of obtaining 13C CP/MAS subspectra of single components of a complex system is presented and applied to three- and four-component systems. The method is based on previously reported work that exploits different proton relaxation properties for different domains of an heterogeneous system. However, unlike the original method that obtained subspectra through a trial-and-error approach, the method here presented solves the problem mathematically, thus avoiding the time-consuming and non-rigorous trial-and-error step. The method is applied to mixtures of three and four polymers and to a more complex system: cork cell walls. As expected, as the number of components increases, the sharing of relaxation properties between different components is increasingly probable, either due to incidental coincidence of relaxation times or to specific interactions and intimate mixing of compounds. While this hinders the calculation of the subspectra of single chemical components, it may provide useful information about inter-component interactions. This possibility was demonstrated by the application of this method to cork cell walls. Both three-component and four-component approaches showed that three domains exist in cork cell walls: carbohydrate/lignin matrix, mobile suberin close to (probably bonded to) lignin groups (about 42% w/w) and hindered suberin close to (probably bonded to) carbohydrate-OCH2O groups (about 4% w/w).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10868562</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pena-Neira, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernández, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Simon, B F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suarez, J A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low molecular weight phenols in cork stoppers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stopper manufacturing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-290</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this work, we study the low molecular-weight polyphenols in cork stoppers obtained from commercial wine bottles and in samples taken at five stages of the cork stopper manufacturing process. The phenolic compounds (acids, aldehydes, and coumarins) were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. The results were studied by statistical methods in order to determine the relationship among these compounds and their variability throughout the industrial processing. Discriminant analysis showed that the phenolic composition allows differentiation of each stage in the manufacture of cork stoppers and the different provenances of stoppers obtained from commercial wine bottles. The results showed wide variations in phenolic content among cork stoppers within each region and each winery.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pena-Neira, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BartolomÉ, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernández, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Vallejo, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZALEZ-ADRADOS, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suarez-Lepe, J A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low molecular-weight phenolic compounds in natural and agglomerated cork stoppers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCES DES ALIMENTS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low molecular-weight phenolic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stopper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stopper treatment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LAVOISIER ABONNEMENTS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11 RUE LAVOISIER, F-75384 PARIS 08, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-124</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The low molecular-weight phenolic compounds in cork stoppers used for the closure of wine bottles are studied. Different phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic and ellagic), aldehydes (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillin, ethylvanillin and coniferilic), and coumarins (aesculetin and scopoletin) were determined in natural cork stoppers (untreated and chlorine-bleached) and in agglomerated cork stoppers (unbleached and peroxide-bleached). The ketone 2,3-dihydroxy-1-guaiacylpropan-1-one and four ellagic-acid-type tannins were detected in natural stoppers. The amount of most of the phenolic compounds studied was higher in the natural cork stoppers than in agglomerated stoppers. In natural cork stoppers, an Increase in the content of caffeic and ferulic acids and vanillin was observed after chlorine bleaching. In agglomerated stoppers however, peroxide bleaching produced a decrease in the content of these same compounds.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtois, Michèle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masson, Philippe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relations entre la qualité du liège, sa composition minérale et la composition minérale des feuilles du chêne-liège (Quercus suber L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inorganic content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">521-527</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between the quality of cork, its inorganic content and the inorganic content of the leaves of the cork-oak (Quercus suber L.). The aim of this work is to set up a relationship between the quality of cork, its inorganic content and the inorganic content of the leaves of the cork-oak. The mineral contents of both leaves and cork were identified for a range of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese). The quality of the cork was evaluated by experts in the cork industry on the basis of visual assessment of cork stoppers resulting from each tree. A study of correlations between the cork inorganic contents and the quality of cork demonstrates that, among those measures, only the potassium content of cork is related to the cork quality. The cork quality seems to be independent of the leaf inorganic content, which is held to be an indicator of the cork-oak mineral nutrition. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.)</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtois, Michèle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masson, Philippe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relations entre la qualité du liège, sa composition minérale et la composition minérale des feuilles du chêne-liège (Quercus suber L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inorganic content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:19990609</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">521 - 527</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between the quality of cork, its inorganic content and the inorganic content of the leaves of the cork-oak (Quercus suber L.). The aim of this work is to set up a relationship between the quality of cork, its inorganic content and the inorganic content of the leaves of the cork-oak. The mineral contents of both leaves and cork were identified for a range of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese). The quality of the cork was evaluated by experts in the cork industry on the basis of visual assessment of cork stoppers resulting from each tree. A study of correlations between the cork inorganic contents and the quality of cork demonstrates that, among those measures, only the potassium content of cork is related to the cork quality. The cork quality seems to be independent of the leaf inorganic content, which is held to be an indicator of the cork-oak mineral nutrition. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.)</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marques, A V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meier, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faix, O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural characterization of cork lignin by thioacidolysis and permanganate oxidation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ferulic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">milled wood lignin (MWL)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">permanganate oxidation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thioacidolysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L. milled cork lignins obtained from extractive-free cork (MCL) and from saponified cork (MCLsap) were characterized by thioacidolysis and KMnO4 oxidation. These techniques and the previously used analytical pyrolysis revealed that cork contains a guaiacyl lignin (G lignin) with 94-96% guaiacyl-, ca. 3% syringyl-, and 2-3% of 4-hydroxyphenyl propane units. The total yields of degradation products in thioacidolysis and KMnO4 oxidation experiments were lower in comparison to those of a spruce milled wood lignin (MWLspruce) suggesting a higher cross-linking in the G-lignin of cork. The higher frequency of ``condensed{''} structures (having C-C or C-O-C linkages to aromatic rings) in cork lignin was also manifested in the relative abundance of various aromatic acids obtained by KMnO4 oxidation. The cork lignin (MCLsap) contains only low amounts (ca. 2%) of covalently bonded suberinic acids. Numerous free aliphatic suberinic acids were detected and identified in the ether soluble part of MCLsap. Ferulic acid was not liberated by thioacidolysis, pointing at an in situ acylation. We suggest that the major part of the aromatic domain in cork is a G-lignin but that it includes also another structural moiety with higher H-unit content and linked by thioacidolysis resistant bonds.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urethanes and polyurethanes from suberin 2: synthesis and characterization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glass transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyurethanes based on suberin from cork of Quercus suber L. and conventional isocyanate monomers were prepared and fully characterized in terms of both structure (FTIR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). Two fractions were systematically isolated, namely (i) methylene-chloride soluble products, which corresponded to linear and branched macromolecules and (ii) methylene-chloride insoluble products, representing the crosslinked material. The structures of these polymers were regular and no appreciable side reactions were detected. DSC analyses provided information about the glass transition temperature of both fractions and this parameter was correlated with the stiffness of the isocyanate used. The TGA of these polyurethanes showed that they started to degrade at about 175 degrees C and that the residue at 400 degrees C was around 50%. The highest amounts of insoluble fractions, as well as the highest T-g,s, were reached when an initial \{[\}NCO]/\{[\}OH] of unity was used. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urethanes and polyurethanes from suberin 2: synthesis and characterization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glass transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyurethanes based on suberin from cork of Quercus suber L. and conventional isocyanate monomers were prepared and fully characterized in terms of both structure (FTIR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). Two fractions were systematically isolated, namely (i) methylene-chloride soluble products, which corresponded to linear and branched macromolecules and (ii) methylene-chloride insoluble products, representing the crosslinked material. The structures of these polymers were regular and no appreciable side reactions were detected. DSC analyses provided information about the glass transition temperature of both fractions and this parameter was correlated with the stiffness of the isocyanate used. The TGA of these polyurethanes showed that they started to degrade at about 175 degrees C and that the residue at 400 degrees C was around 50%. The highest amounts of insoluble fractions, as well as the highest T-g,s, were reached when an initial \{[\}NCO]/\{[\}OH] of unity was used. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS&lt;br/&gt;publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability of suberin composition of reproduction cork from Quercus suber throughout industrial processing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industrial processin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of suberin was studied in cork planks from&lt;br/&gt;three different trees of Spanish Quercus suber at four different stages&lt;br/&gt;of the industrial processing of first transformation: stripping (a),&lt;br/&gt;first rest (b), boiling followed by open air rest (c1) and boiling&lt;br/&gt;followed by store-room rest (c2). The monomeric composition was&lt;br/&gt;determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the product of&lt;br/&gt;depolymerization of the free of extractives cork with sodium&lt;br/&gt;methoxide-methanol. The average concentrations of the main monomers&lt;br/&gt;were: 1-alkanols (C-20-C-26) 4.17 %; alkanoic acids (C-20-C-26) 5.99&lt;br/&gt;%; alpha, omega-alkanedioic acids (C-16-C-24) 6.20 %;&lt;br/&gt;omega-hydroxy-alkanoic acids (C-20-C-26) 29.41 %; erythro- and threo-9,&lt;br/&gt;10-dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acids 6.76 %, erythro- and&lt;br/&gt;threo-9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acids 9.50 %,&lt;br/&gt;9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid 2.72 % and&lt;br/&gt;9,10-epoxy-octadecanedioic acid 2.93 % and ferulic acid 5.05 %.&lt;br/&gt;Significant differences were observed between samples taken at the&lt;br/&gt;stripping and after boiling with store room rest, and both groups of&lt;br/&gt;samples differed from those picked after the other two processing&lt;br/&gt;stages. Ten components were selected as providing the greatest&lt;br/&gt;discrimination among stages: 9-octadecenedioic,&lt;br/&gt;18-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic, eicosanedioic and&lt;br/&gt;9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acids, tetracosanol, and five&lt;br/&gt;unidentified components.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Very high-resolution 1H MAS NMR of a natural polymeric material</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1H MAS NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of ultrafast magic angle spinning (&amp;gt;30 kHz) in tandem with delayed echo acquisition is shown to yield very high-resolution 1H MAS NMR spectra of complex natural organic materials. For the first time, very high-resolution 1H MAS NMR spectra are reported for cork and wood components, two natural materials with great economic importance. The effect of the spinning rate on the 1H NMR spectra was evaluated with single-pulse acquisition and delayed-echo acquisition. The delayed-echo acquisition spectra presented linewidths as sharp as 67 and 25 Hz. The narrow peaks, characterised by proton spin–spin and spin–lattice relaxation, were assigned to the isotropic chemical shifts and the general spectral features were shown to correlate with the sample chemical structure. The tentative assignments of cork 1H MAS NMR signals were presented.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahia, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waxes composition of Quercus suber reproduction cork from different Spanish provenances</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acid fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">component (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neutral fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/7vk6lp09bnuha8jd.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271 - 283</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of waxes was studied in Quercus suber cork planks collected in seven localities of the three main production areas of Spain. Waxes were extracted with chloroform (CHCl3 ) and the extract was submitted to saponi®cation in order to obtain the neutral and acid fractions. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of both fractions were analysed by GC-MS. The seven populations cannot be distinguished by their total contents of waxes (Chloroform extract) and of the neutral and acid fraction. This lack of differences could be due to the important variability among samples of each population. The neutral fraction was mainly composed of fatty alcohols (all the even members from C18 to C26 , with traces of the intermediate odd members and some unsaturated groups) and triterpenes (11 components, among them friedelin, betulin and cerin were identi®ed) and a very small amount of monocarboxylic fatty acids (C16 and C24 members) was also present. The main group of compo- nents of the acid fraction was that of fatty acids (saturated even C14±C24 and odd C15 , C17 , C21 members, accompanied by a great amount of unsaturated terms and some x-hydroxyacids, 18-hydroxy-9,12-octadecadienoic and 18-hydroxy-9-oct- adecenoic acids). Four triterpenes and the C20 and C24 alcohols were also detected in the acid fraction. Signi®cant differences were found among the corks of the various provenances in the global contents of alcohols and triterpenes and in these individual components contents of the neutral fraction. Concerning the differences among the various provenances in the contents of the groups of fatty acids, alcohols, and triterpenes in the acid fraction, a higher number of differ- ences were obtained in the comparisons of the contents of acids and triterpenes, whereas the differences were practically null in the case of the alcohols. When the differences were studied considering the individual compounds, the relation with the behaviour of the contents of the groups of components was not as clear as it happens in the neutral fraction. In this case, the differences were scarcer and they did not show a unique pattern, neither in the components, nor the populations. There is no correspondence in the differences among the provenances regarding the components of the neutral fraction or those of the acid fraction. No clear relationship was found between the geographical proximity of the provenances and chemical similarity of the waxes composition.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahia, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waxes composition of reproduction cork from Quercus suber and its variability throughout the industrial processing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acid fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">component (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indutrial processing stage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neutral fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/G6UBE3CLYFCADQJR.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229 - 244</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of waxes was studied in cork planks from three different trees of Spanish Quercus suber at four different stages of the in- dustrial processing of the ®rst transformation: stripping, ®rst rest, boiling fol- lowed by open air rest and boiling followed by store-room rest. Waxes were extracted with chloroform (CHCl3 ) and the extract was submitted to saponi®cation in order to obtain the neutral and acid fractions. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of both fractions were analysed by GC-MS. An important decrease of the total content of waxes -CHCl3 extract-(average values: 10.13 to 4.91%) and of the acid fraction (average values: 2.51 to 0.96%) was observed throughout the industrial processing. Some differences were also found among trees, two of them being richer in total waxes (average, 8.14 and 7.71%) than the other one (average, 4.67%). Concerning the three groups of identi®ed components (fatty acids, fatty alcohols and triterpenes), the contents of the fatty alcohols and acids suffer an important reduction during the ®rst rest (average values: 30.39 to 17.53% and 58.73 to 31.48%, respectively), while after boiling, there is a decrease of the triterpenes concentrations (79.16 to 58.00% -neutral fraction- and 40.23 to 23.20% -acid fraction-), being greater when the second rest is carried out in a store room. Signi®cant differences among trees were only found in the fatty alcohols contents. The neutral fraction was mainly composed by fatty alcohols (all the even members from C18 to C26 , with traces of intermediate odd members and some unsaturated groups, C20 and C21 ) and triterpenes (14 components, among them friedelin, betulin and cerin were identi®ed), and a very small amount of monocarboxylic fatty acids (C16 , C18 , C22 and C24 members) was also present. The main group of components of the acid fraction was that of fatty acids (saturated even C12±C24 and odd C15 , C17 , C21 members, accompanied by a great amount of unsaturated terms and some x-hydroxyacids, 18-hydroxy-9,12-octadecadienoic and 18-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acids). Four triterpenes, the C20 , C24 and C28 alcohols and ferulic acid were also detected in the acid fraction. Some of these individual components of each fraction were also affected by the industrial processing and presented signi®cant differences among the studied trees.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in Tannic Composition of Reproduction Cork Quercus suber throughout Industrial Processing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proanthocyanidins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9709360</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2332 - 2336</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannic composition was studied in reproduction cork samples from three different trees of Spanish Quercus suber and at different industrial processing stages. The ellagitannins, roburins A and E, grandinin, vescalagin, and castalagin, were identified and quantified by HPLC. Global evaluations of tannins were also carried out, using classical chemical methods. The group of hydrolyzable tannins was the most abundant in the tannic extract in all samples; among them, castalagin was the main component, followed by vescalagin, grandinin, roburin E, and, to a much lesser extent, roburin A. The changes in tannic composition throughout the industrial processing are mainly related to the boiling process and are more pronounced in total phenol and proanthocyanidin contents than in individual ellagitannins content. Vescalagin and roburins A and E were selected as those variables that provided the greatest discrimination among stages. Important differences in the ellagitannin contents were observed among the trees studied, all of the ellagitannins being discriminant variables in this case. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; tannins; ellagitannins; proanthocyanidins; polyphenols; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf9709360doi: 10.1021/jf9709360The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in Tannic Composition of Reproduction Cork Quercus suber throughout Industrial Processing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proanthocyanidins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Chemical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2332-2336</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannic composition was studied in reproduction cork samples from three different trees of Spanish Quercus suber and at different industrial processing stages. The ellagitannins, roburins A and E, grandinin, vescalagin, and castalagin, were identified and quantified by HPLC. Global evaluations of tannins were also carried out, using classical chemical methods. The group of hydrolyzable tannins was the most abundant in the tannic extract in all samples; among them, castalagin was the main component, followed by vescalagin, grandinin, roburin E, and, to a much lesser extent, roburin A. The changes in tannic composition throughout the industrial processing are mainly related to the boiling process and are more pronounced in total phenol and proanthocyanidin contents than in individual ellagitannins content. Vescalagin and roburins A and E were selected as those variables that provided the greatest discrimination among stages. Important differences in the ellagitannin contents were observed among the trees studied, all of the ellagitannins being discriminant variables in this case. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; tannins; ellagitannins; proanthocyanidins; polyphenols; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf9709360</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf9709360</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Vallejo, Maria Conceptión</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonźalez-Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Characterization of Reproduction Cork from Spanish Quercus Suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">447-469</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The chemical composition of Quercus suber reproduction cork was studied in planks from three different trees at different stages of their industrial processing and in samples collected in seven locations in the three main Spanish production areas. Extracts in chloroform, methanol and water, ne[ugrave]tral and acid fractions of waxes, suberin, lignin, holocellulose and pentosans, and polyphenols (low molecular weight polyphenols and tannins), were quantified. Suberin was the main component in all the samples, followed by lignin and holocellulose in lower concentrations. The most affected variables throughout the industrial processing were: lignin, chloroform and water extracts and the acid fraction of waxes. These variables did not allow one to distinguish the studied trees, which are differentiated by the percentages of methanol extracts, the tannic fraction of polyphenols, the free of suberin residue and the holocellulose content. Four variables were selected as those which provided the greatest discrimination among provenances: methanol extract, low molecular weight polyphenols, desuberinized residue and acid fraction of waxes. However, the studied populations can not be clearly distinguished by their chemical composition and no relationship was found between geographical proximity of their provenances and chemical resemblance.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Vallejo, Maria Conceptión</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonźalez-Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Characterization of Reproduction Cork from Spanish Quercus Suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773819809349592</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">447 - 469</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The chemical composition of Quercus suber reproduction cork was studied in planks from three different trees at different stages of their industrial processing and in samples collected in seven locations in the three main Spanish production areas. Extracts in chloroform, methanol and water, ne[ugrave]tral and acid fractions of waxes, suberin, lignin, holocellulose and pentosans, and polyphenols (low molecular weight polyphenols and tannins), were quantified. Suberin was the main component in all the samples, followed by lignin and holocellulose in lower concentrations. The most affected variables throughout the industrial processing were: lignin, chloroform and water extracts and the acid fraction of waxes. These variables did not allow one to distinguish the studied trees, which are differentiated by the percentages of methanol extracts, the tannic fraction of polyphenols, the free of suberin residue and the holocellulose content. Four variables were selected as those which provided the greatest discrimination among provenances: methanol extract, low molecular weight polyphenols, desuberinized residue and acid fraction of waxes. However, the studied populations can not be clearly distinguished by their chemical composition and no relationship was found between geographical proximity of their provenances and chemical resemblance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cortiço, P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEM curves (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weight</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-358</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work is related to the establishment of the curves of cork moisture content in hygroscopic equilibrium (HEM curves), which allow to predict the moisture content of cork planks, one of the most important parameters in cork trading and processing. HEM curves for 20 ~ and 40 ~ based on an empirical model related to experimental data, were mathematically treated in order to set a series of curves in steps of 5 ~ These curves were transformed in a more usual display of the hygroscopic equilibrium mois- ture content, for the most common temperature and hu- midity ranges and tested against experimental data using two cork types.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, a J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork suberin as a new source of chemicals. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization of its composition.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International journal of biological macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular weight distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585884</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71 - 80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to a solvolysis treatment with methanolic NaOH which yielded 37% (o.d. cork) of suberin. This mixture of compounds was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, vapour pressure osmometry (VPO), mass spectrography (MS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). After derivatization, the main components of the volatile fraction, representing less than half of the total, were found to be omega-hydroxymonocarboxylates, alpha, omega-dicarboxylates, simple alkanoates and 1-alkanols, all with chain lengths ranging from C16 to C24. A second fraction, with an average molecular weight about three times higher, was detected by VPO, MS and GPC. The presence of this important fraction in cork suberin had not been recognized in earlier studies. Both fractions constitute interesting precursors for the elaboration of new materials.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 9585884</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, a J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork suberin as a new source of chemicals. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization of its composition.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International journal of biological macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular weight distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to a solvolysis treatment with methanolic NaOH which yielded 37% (o.d. cork) of suberin. This mixture of compounds was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, vapour pressure osmometry (VPO), mass spectrography (MS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). After derivatization, the main components of the volatile fraction, representing less than half of the total, were found to be omega-hydroxymonocarboxylates, alpha, omega-dicarboxylates, simple alkanoates and 1-alkanols, all with chain lengths ranging from C16 to C24. A second fraction, with an average molecular weight about three times higher, was detected by VPO, MS and GPC. The presence of this important fraction in cork suberin had not been recognized in earlier studies. Both fractions constitute interesting precursors for the elaboration of new materials.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9585884</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feruloyl Esters of ω-Hydroxyacids in Cork Suberin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ferulic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feruloyl esters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-217</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feruloyl esters of ?-hydroxyacids were found in the alcoholysis products of suberin from Quercus suber cork. Their identification was made from mass spectra and by comparison with synthetic model compounds. The co-hydroxyls of suberinic hydroxyacids are thought to be the ester-bonding points between suberin aliphatics and associated aromatics.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349577</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349577</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robin, Cécile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desprez-Loustau, Marie-Laure</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capron, Gilles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delatour, Claude</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First record of Phytophthora cinnamomi on cork and holm oaks in France and evidence of pathogenicity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytophthora cinnamomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trunk cankers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">869-883</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1995 and 1996, a survey for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork and holm oak sites in southeastern France was carried out. Twenty-four sites were chosen. Tree decline severity and other characteristics were assessed. Subplots of four trees were more fully investigated: relative soil water content was assessed and Phytophthora isolation was attempted from soil samples. When cortical lesions were observed, isolations were carried out from infected tissues. In six cork oak and one holm oak sites, P. cinnamomi was isolated from soil or trunks. All the different isolates obtained in 1995 were aggressive on cork and holm oaks. However, these species were less susceptible than Castanea sativa and more susceptible than Q. rubra. These results confirm the pathogenicity of P. cinnamomi towards Mediterranean oaks and its possible involvement in the decline process of these species.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleton, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mejanelle, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goursaud, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchapla, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of the main fatty acids component of the cork suberine by GC/MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALUSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E D P SCIENCES</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M51--M54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work was to verify the presence of cork (Quercus Suber) in two samples of linoleum the beginning of the twentieth century Using GC/MS after acidic methanolysis and silylation, it was possible to identify most of the components of a modern sample of cork. The dominant is a lipid polymer: the suberin. Its monomeric composition is examined in details.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleton, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mejanelle, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goursaud, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchapla, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of the main fatty acids component of the cork suberine by GC/MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALUSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M51 - M54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work was to verify the presence of cork (Quercus Suber) in two samples of linoleum the beginning of the twentieth century Using GC/MS after acidic methanolysis and silylation, it was possible to identify most of the components of a modern sample of cork. The dominant is a lipid polymer: the suberin. Its monomeric composition is examined in details.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: E D P SCIENCES</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazzoleni, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caldentey, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic compounds in cork used for production of wine stoppers as affected by storage and boiling of cork slabs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">processing of cork slabs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic compounds (benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, vanillin,&lt;br/&gt;syringaldehyde and acetovanillone) were identified in cork used for&lt;br/&gt;production of wine stoppers by extraction in an ethanolic solution and&lt;br/&gt;by HPLC analysis. The effect of storage and boiling of cork slabs on&lt;br/&gt;these compounds were investigated. In each sample, cinnamic acids and&lt;br/&gt;vanillin have predominated among phenolics. Boiled cork was&lt;br/&gt;significantly different from raw slabs in the concentration of&lt;br/&gt;protocatechuic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and vanillin. The significant&lt;br/&gt;differences between cork from stored and from unstored slabs were&lt;br/&gt;evident in protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, and ferulic acids.&lt;br/&gt;Storage of slabs increased the amount of extractable cinnamic acids. On&lt;br/&gt;the other hand, boiling decreased the concentration of the same phenolic&lt;br/&gt;acids and increased that of vanillin. Boiling after storage can be&lt;br/&gt;beneficial to the cork quality, reducing the amount of potentially&lt;br/&gt;negative flavor compounds (cinnamic acids) and increasing potentially&lt;br/&gt;positive flavor compounds (vanillin).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyphenolic Composition of Quercus suber Cork from Different Spanish Provenances</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coumarins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high-performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic acids and aldehydes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Chemical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3166-3171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyphenolic composition was studied by HPLC and classical chemical methods in reproduction cork of Quercus suber from different Spanish provenances. The low molecular weight polyphenols (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and ellagic acids; protocatechuic, vanillic, coniferyl, and sinapic aldehydes; and aesculetin and scopoletin) and the ellagitannins (roburins A and E, grandinin, vescalagin, and castalagin) were identified and quantified. Ellagic acid was the main component in the ether soluble fraction, and the group of hydrolyzable tannins, and among them castalagin, was the most abundant in the tannic extract in all the samples. Although there was an important variability among provenances, no significant differences were found in the total tannin content and in the individual content of each ellagitannin. However, gallic and caffeic acids and protocatechuic aldehyde provided the greatest discrimination among provenances. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; polyphenols; tannins; phenolic acids and aldehydes; coumarins; ellagitannins; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf970863k</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf970863k</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyphenolic Composition of Quercus suber Cork from Different Spanish Provenances</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coumarins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagitannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high-performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic acids and aldehydes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970863k</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3166 - 3171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyphenolic composition was studied by HPLC and classical chemical methods in reproduction cork of Quercus suber from different Spanish provenances. The low molecular weight polyphenols (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and ellagic acids; protocatechuic, vanillic, coniferyl, and sinapic aldehydes; and aesculetin and scopoletin) and the ellagitannins (roburins A and E, grandinin, vescalagin, and castalagin) were identified and quantified. Ellagic acid was the main component in the ether soluble fraction, and the group of hydrolyzable tannins, and among them castalagin, was the most abundant in the tannic extract in all the samples. Although there was an important variability among provenances, no significant differences were found in the total tannin content and in the individual content of each ellagitannin. However, gallic and caffeic acids and protocatechuic aldehyde provided the greatest discrimination among provenances. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; polyphenols; tannins; phenolic acids and aldehydes; coumarins; ellagitannins; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf970863kdoi: 10.1021/jf970863kThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of suberin components in cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis mass spectrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermally assisted methylation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199803/04)9:2&lt;75::AID-PCA386&gt;3.0.CO;2-8/abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75 - 87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suberin fraction of wax-free cork. With this method, hydrolysis of esters together with methylation of carboxylic and hydroxylic groups was observed. Mostly long chain aliphatic components, such as alkanols, alkanoic acids, v-hydroxyacids, v,v-alkanoic diacids, and several 9,10-epoxy and 9,10-dihydroxy forms have been found in keeping with results of other workers in the ﬁeld. Two other components that may give a more complete view of the architecture of suberin were also found, namely the phenolic compound ferulic acid, and glycerol which is probably esteriﬁed to carboxylic groups of the aliphatic building units of suberin</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, M F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of suberin components in cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis mass spectrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermally assisted methylation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suberin fraction of wax-free cork. With this method, hydrolysis of esters together with methylation of carboxylic and hydroxylic groups was observed. Mostly long chain aliphatic components, such as alkanols, alkanoic acids, v-hydroxyacids, v,v-alkanoic diacids, and several 9,10-epoxy and 9,10-dihydroxy forms have been found in keeping with results of other workers in the ﬁeld. Two other components that may give a more complete view of the architecture of suberin were also found, namely the phenolic compound ferulic acid, and glycerol which is probably esteriﬁed to carboxylic groups of the aliphatic building units of suberin</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caldentey, Paloma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fumi, Maria Daria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazzoleni, Valeria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Careri, Maria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile compounds produced by microorganisms isolated from cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flavour and Fragrance Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">volatile components</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199805/06)13:3&lt;185::AID-FFJ723&gt;3.0.CO;2-W</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185 - 188</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microorganisms present on cork (i.e. the reproduction bark of Quercus suber L.) can produce odorous compounds aecting the quality of cork stoppers. This work aims to contribute to the study of the correlation between microbial growth and formation of volatile compounds in the cork. Dierent strains of microorganisms were cultivated on both malt extract and cork, and the odour of the culture was described by a panel. The volatile compounds were isolated directly from the culture media by a dynamic headspace technique followed by adsorption on to Tenax traps. The volatiles were identi®ed by GC±MS: 63 substances were identi®ed in malt extract cultures, mainly consisting of carbonyl compounds (16), alcohols (16), and sesquiterpenes (13). Cultures on cork produced only 12 volatile compounds, more than half being sesquiterpenes. Sensory evaluation con®rmed that cork is an unfavourable culture medium if compared with malt extract.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, A M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of cork cell wall structure: the effect of suberin removal.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International journal of biological macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-305</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solid state 13C NMR measurements of cork, before and after suberin removal, showed that aliphatic suberin is spatially separated from carbohydrate and lignin and experiences higher motional freedom. Two types of chain methylenes, differing in chemical shift and in dynamic properties, were identified in aliphatic suberin. Experimental evidence indicated that the more motionally hindered methylenes are those situated nearer the linkages of aliphatic suberin to the cell wall. These linkages were shown to involve -CH2O- groups, probably engaged in ester linkages to phenylpropane units and carbohydrate C6 carbons. Spectral intensity changes indicated that, during the first steps of alkaline desuberization, these linkages are broken and the shorter aliphatic suberin chains removed. Longer chains require hydrolysis of the ester linkages within the chains and are removed upon stronger alkaline treatment. T1(C), T1 rho (H) and T1 rho (C) relaxation times have shown that the removal of suberin from cork leads to a motionally restricted and more compact environment, on the megahertz and mid-kilohertz timescales. The properties of cork suberin showed that suberin organization in cork is distinct from that in potato tissue.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9253649</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torres Álvarez, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montero González, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">V ÁZQUEZ PIQUÉ, F J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clasificación ecológica y caracterización selvícola y PRODUCTIVA DEL PARQUE NATURAL DE LOS ALCORNOCALES (CÁDIZ y MÁLAGA)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographical inforn1ation system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potentiali ty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">635-640</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An ecological classification of the Natural Park &quot;Los Alcornocales&quot; (Cádiz and Málaga, Spain) and a silvicultural and productive characterisation are done. The territorial c1assification is assisted by a Geographical Information System. Sixteen Territorial Classes and five classes of cork-oak potentiality are defined and mapped. Using a sample of seventy two plots, the cork-oak forests of this area are silvicultural and productively characterised, according their Territorial Class.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Luis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork powder waste: an overview</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass and Bioenergy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industry wastes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste utilization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-61</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">k powder, the major waste from cork processing industries, is generated throughout the industrial cork process and originates from grinding, cutting and finishing operations. Since there are various types of cork and different industrial operations, different types of cork powders are obtained. These have a high heating value, which make it suitable for energy production as well as other characteristics suitable for other uses as described here</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, Luis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork powder waste: an overview</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass and Bioenergy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industry wastes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste utilization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953497000330</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59 - 61</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">k powder, the major waste from cork processing industries, is generated throughout the industrial cork process and originates from grinding, cutting and finishing operations. Since there are various types of cork and different industrial operations, different types of cork powders are obtained. These have a high heating value, which make it suitable for energy production as well as other characteristics suitable for other uses as described here</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1/2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Suberin: A Glyceryl Based Polyester</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holzforschung - International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Wood</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoacylglycero</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-234</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Total depolymerization of cork from the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) by using a sodium methoxide catalysed methanolysis solubilized 53.2 % of the material, including 5.2 % of glycerol, 48,0 % of suberinic fatty acids and alcohols and minor amounts of ferulic acid. A very mild depolymerization using calcium oxide treated methanol, which solubilized only 2.0% of the cork material was studied by GC-MS. In the solubilized material, the total amount of aliphatic acids was 43.8 % (including alkanoic acids 4.0%. ω-hydroxyacids 13.2% and α,ω-diacids 26.6%), of 1-alkanols 2.1 % and of monoacylglycenols 32.1%. It was possible to identify 1-monoacylglycerols and 2-monoacylglycerols of alkanoic acids (1,2%), ω-hydroxyacids (3.7 %) and α,ω-diacids (22.8 %). It is proposed that suberin is a glyceryl based polymer and that its insoluble character is given, at least in part, by the cross-linking of dicarboxylic fatty acids with glycerol. The term suberin should be used for this aliphatic polyester component of the cell wall.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fos, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PÉREZ-RoViRA, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BARRENO, E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRECIMIENTO RADIAL DEL CORCHO EN LOS ALCORNOCALES ESPAÑOLES: RELACIONES ENTRE ANATOMÍA Y BIOCLIMA.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioc1imatology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radial growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-182</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparative study of the reproduction cork radial growth between the main cork productive areas in Spain is raised: Extremadura-Huelva, Cádiz, Girona and Castellón. The results show that environmental variables bring about significant differences in the annual increments and in the ratio between cork types (late/early cork). The highest average thickness had be en measured in Cádiz (Jerez de la Frontera - 5.587 mm) and the lowest in Castellón (Artana - 1.964 mm). Remaining results yield between 2.963 mm, measured in Sta. Cristina d' Aro (Girona), and 3.566 mm, in Casas de Miravete (Cáceres). These asymmetries are due to the higher early cork development. The most equilibrated corks in the contributions of each cork type are those produced in Cáceres (::::60:40) and Castellón (::::75:25), resisting with those observed in the other areas. The obtained results showed significant correlation with c1imatic (annual average temperature, precipitation) and bioc1imatic (It, Ic) parameters</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fos, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PÉREZ-RoViRA, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreno, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRECIMIENTO RADIAL DEL CORCHO EN LOS ALCORNOCALES ESPAÑOLES: RELACIONES ENTRE ANATOMÍA Y BIOCLIMA.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioc1imatology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radial growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177 - 182</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparative study of the reproduction cork radial growth between the main cork productive areas in Spain is raised: Extremadura-Huelva, Cádiz, Girona and Castellón. The results show that environmental variables bring about significant differences in the annual increments and in the ratio between cork types (late/early cork). The highest average thickness had be en measured in Cádiz (Jerez de la Frontera - 5.587 mm) and the lowest in Castellón (Artana - 1.964 mm). Remaining results yield between 2.963 mm, measured in Sta. Cristina d' Aro (Girona), and 3.566 mm, in Casas de Miravete (Cáceres). These asymmetries are due to the higher early cork development. The most equilibrated corks in the contributions of each cork type are those produced in Cáceres (::::60:40) and Castellón (::::75:25), resisting with those observed in the other areas. The obtained results showed significant correlation with c1imatic (annual average temperature, precipitation) and bioc1imatic (It, Ic) parameters</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low Molecular Weight Polyphenols in Cork of Quercus suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coumarins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high- performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic acids and aldehydes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf960486w</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2695 - 2700</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low molecular weight polyphenols were studied by HPLC in samples of cork from different trees of Spanish Quercus suber and at different industrial processing stages. Gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and ellagic acids; protocatechuic, vanillic, coniferylic, and sinapic aldehydes, and aesculetin and scopoletin were identified and quantified. Ellagic acid was the main component in all of the samples, followed by the rest of the phenolic acids, which had very much lower concentrations. Four components, caffeic, ferulic, and protocatechuic acids and vanillin, were selected as those that provided the greatest differences among the trees studied. In relation to the four industrial processing stages considered, marked differences were observed between the first two stages, stripping and first rest, and the stages after boiling. In this case, the discriminant variables were coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, and ellagic acid. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; polyphenols; phenolic acids and aldehydes; coumarins; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf960486wdoi: 10.1021/jf960486wThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Vallejo, María Concepción</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández de Simón, Brígida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low Molecular Weight Polyphenols in Cork of Quercus suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coumarins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high- performance liquid chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolic acids and aldehydes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Chemical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2695-2700</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low molecular weight polyphenols were studied by HPLC in samples of cork from different trees of Spanish Quercus suber and at different industrial processing stages. Gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and ellagic acids; protocatechuic, vanillic, coniferylic, and sinapic aldehydes, and aesculetin and scopoletin were identified and quantified. Ellagic acid was the main component in all of the samples, followed by the rest of the phenolic acids, which had very much lower concentrations. Four components, caffeic, ferulic, and protocatechuic acids and vanillin, were selected as those that provided the greatest differences among the trees studied. In relation to the four industrial processing stages considered, marked differences were observed between the first two stages, stripping and first rest, and the stages after boiling. In this case, the discriminant variables were coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, and ellagic acid. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork; polyphenols; phenolic acids and aldehydes; coumarins; high-performance liquid chromatography</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf960486w</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/jf960486w</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrasco, Angel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BORRERO, GUMERSINDO</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAMPAYO, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RODRIGUEZ, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ÁLVAREZ, J.Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FARIÑA, J.Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.TORRES</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Privado, Consultor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La, C I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manojo, D E L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madrid, D E Rosas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plan de calas de corcho y establecimiento de rodales selectos de alcornoque en andalucía</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andalucía</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Select &quot;areas&quot;</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-122</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since 1995, the &quot;Consejería de Medio Ambiente&quot; of the &quot;Junta de Andalucía&quot; has been developping a &quot;Cork samples Plan and Establishment of select &quot;Areas&quot; of the Quercus suber&quot;. This plan is intended to collect technical-scientifical information, used both for a better knowledge of the cork oak forests and their principal product, cork, as well as for the elaboration of a cork quality map of the Andalusian Community. They also provide cork- tree owners with information about the explotation quality, for which cork samples are taken both from cork trees and from cork-piles. Using the collected samples, once they are classified and analised in the laboratory, and according to the data collected in the field, quality reports on cork are effec~ll(lted for the owner. Subsequently, these samples are show in a permanent exposition in thejaboratorywhere buyers or any other person interested can obtain information about the quality offered in the different Andalusian forests. Since 1995, the obtained information is also being used, amplifying the data taken referent to select &quot;areas&quot; of the cork oak forests to be able to establish a select &quot;areas&quot; network of Quercus suber capable of producing high quality acorns.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrasco, Angel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BORRERO, GUMERSINDO</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAMPAYO, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RODRIGUEZ, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ÁLVAREZ, J. Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FARIÑA, J. Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. TORRES</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Privado, Consultor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La, C. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manojo, D. E. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madrid, D. E. Rosas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plan de calas de corcho y establecimiento de rodales selectos de alcornoque en andalucía</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andalucía</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Select &quot;areas&quot;</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117 - 122</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since 1995, the &quot;Consejería de Medio Ambiente&quot; of the &quot;Junta de Andalucía&quot; has been developping a &quot;Cork samples Plan and Establishment of select &quot;Areas&quot; of the Quercus suber&quot;. This plan is intended to collect technical-scientifical information, used both for a better knowledge of the cork oak forests and their principal product, cork, as well as for the elaboration of a cork quality map of the Andalusian Community. They also provide cork- tree owners with information about the explotation quality, for which cork samples are taken both from cork trees and from cork-piles. Using the collected samples, once they are classified and analised in the laboratory, and according to the data collected in the field, quality reports on cork are effec~ll(lted for the owner. Subsequently, these samples are show in a permanent exposition in thejaboratorywhere buyers or any other person interested can obtain information about the quality offered in the different Andalusian forests. Since 1995, the obtained information is also being used, amplifying the data taken referent to select &quot;areas&quot; of the cork oak forests to be able to establish a select &quot;areas&quot; network of Quercus suber capable of producing high quality acorns.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García Vallejo, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeSimon, B F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin composition of reproduction cork from Quercus suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epoxy acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty alcohols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty and hydrixy-fatty acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas chromatography/mass spectrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenolics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-224</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The monomeric composition of suberins from Spanish Quercus suber was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the product of depolymerization of free extractives cork with sodium methoxide-methanol. 1-Alkanols (C-20-C-26)(1.8-6.4%), alkanoic acids (C-20-C-24)(2.2-8.1%), alpha,omega-alkanedioic acids (C-16-C-24)(6.1-10.2%) and omega-hydroxy-alkanoic acids (C-20-C-26, being C-22 and C-24 the most abundant)(28.7-37.3%) are identified. The erythro- and threo-9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanedioic (5.4-7.5%), erythro- and threo-9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic (7.6-11.8%), 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic (1.2-3.1%) and 9,10-epoxy-octadecanodioic acids (1.0-4.4%) and the unsaturated 18-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic (8.1-11.5%) and 9-octadecenedioic (1.5-2.4%) acids are also important components. Ferulic acid (5.3-9.1%) is the main phenolic component of suberin. The studied samples differ in the relative proportion of the different monomers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberina: o polímero responsá vel pelas propriedades da cortiça</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ferulic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-228</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The macromolecular structure of suberin, the biopolymer mainly responsable for cork properties, is dicussed. The link of the suberinic aliphatic acids to glycerol is presented, supporting the hypothesis that suberin is a glyceridic polyester. The linkage of this aliphatic part, through ferulic acid, to the aromatic part, and the similarities of the later to lignin, are discussed. K.W.:</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ ADRADOS, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SIMÓN SERFATY, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adrados, L E Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hern, L E Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apdo, Serfaty Cifor-inia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variabilidad de los factores de calidad para el corcho en plancha.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Main parameters affecting cork production and quality (thickness, apparent density, surface density, annual growth and porosity) are studied. Data from a sample of 105 pieces of cork (20 cm x 20 cm size) collected in seven different sites are analysed. Sites are considered as representative of the most common Spanish Quercus suber stands. Means and standard deviations of this parameters are presented for the different quality grades obtained by manual classification, focusing on the effect of grading on porosity and density. The effect of site factor on density and annual growth is also studied.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça ao longo do tronco dosobreiro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253 - 258</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The within tree variation of cork quality has practical relevance when considering the methodology for estimating the quality of production using a field sampling. Samples are usually taken at breast height and an indication how quality at this level might relate to the overall average quality would help to improve estimates for the overall stand cork quality. The porosity of cork was analysed for whole stems. A total of 12 trees were evaluated, from six sites (Mora, Palma, Porto Alto, Grandola, Azaruja and Chamusca). The porosity was measured using image analysis techniques in tangential sections and in transverse sections. The cork for the different trees observed had different average porosities, ranging from 2.7% to 14.5% in the transverse section at b.h .. Within tree variatíon of cork porosity was found, with a average pattern of decreasing porosity within tree height. However a umque pattern of variation could not be established.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça ao longo do tronco dosobreiro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-258</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The within tree variation of cork quality has practical relevance when considering the methodology for estimating the quality of production using a field sampling. Samples are usually taken at breast height and an indication how quality at this level might relate to the overall average quality would help to improve estimates for the overall stand cork quality. The porosity of cork was analysed for whole stems. A total of 12 trees were evaluated, from six sites (Mora, Palma, Porto Alto, Grandola, Azaruja and Chamusca). The porosity was measured using image analysis techniques in tangential sections and in transverse sections. The cork for the different trees observed had different average porosities, ranging from 2.7% to 14.5% in the transverse section at b.h .. Within tree variatíon of cork porosity was found, with a average pattern of decreasing porosity within tree height. However a umque pattern of variation could not be established.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Fortunato M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louzada, José Luis P C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes, César A M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça determinismo fenotípico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypical determinismo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses were made of the variation in the porosity of cork collected from 100 trees at the BHD level and in 30 trees, with reproduction cork collected at three levels of height with a fourth level of virgin cork. Despite verifying the recognizable and elevated variability (1 to 10) among trees, it (44%) is greatly exceeded by the internal variability (56%) of the porosity of cork in the individuals, without a presumable systematization with the growth or funcionality. The phenotype determinism, within the reproduction corks for the number of pores is relatively elevated (R2 =40% to 60%) but already reduced (R2 =20% to 30%) for the porosity. On the other hand, there doesn't exist any such type of phenotypical determinism between the poro sities of reproduction cork anf of virgin cork, something which also supports the hypothesis of elevated abnormalities or reaction in the formation of reproduction cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Fortunato M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louzada, José Luis P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes, César A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça determinismo fenotípico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypical determinismo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225 - 229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses were made of the variation in the porosity of cork collected from 100 trees at the BHD level and in 30 trees, with reproduction cork collected at three levels of height with a fourth level of virgin cork. Despite verifying the recognizable and elevated variability (1 to 10) among trees, it (44%) is greatly exceeded by the internal variability (56%) of the porosity of cork in the individuals, without a presumable systematization with the growth or funcionality. The phenotype determinism, within the reproduction corks for the number of pores is relatively elevated (R2 =40% to 60%) but already reduced (R2 =20% to 30%) for the porosity. On the other hand, there doesn't exist any such type of phenotypical determinism between the poro sities of reproduction cork anf of virgin cork, something which also supports the hypothesis of elevated abnormalities or reaction in the formation of reproduction cork.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;issue: 1982&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behaviour of different horticultural species in phytotoxicity bioassays of bark substrates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia Horticulturae</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioassay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horticultural</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenolic acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytotoxicity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">substrate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-132</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of forestry wastes (barks, sawdust, wood chips) as potting media components can involve serious problems of toxicity that must be evaluated. Evaluation methods may consist of analytic techniques to detect and quantify phytotoxic molecules, or rapid bioassays, with low technical requirements, using species sensitive to the toxic elements. These bioassays should be able to predict plant behaviour in real growing conditions. In this study we used as substrate cork oak bark (Quercus suber L.). This material, like other forestry wastes, contains phytotoxic phenolic compounds which can be washed out with hot water. The phenolic content of cork (C) and washed cork (WC) was measured, and two germination bioassays were carried out with eight horticultural species. In the first, aqueous extracts of cork (C) and washed cork (WC) obtained with water at 15°C and 70°C were used, and the second was done directly on the substrates. In addition, a seedling growing test was carried out with the same species. We concluded that tomato and lettuce are the most sensitive species, and the direct test on the substrate is recommended owing to its simplicity and close correspondence to growing conditions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, Ana M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis Machado, Ana S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunes da Ponte, Manuel</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings, Ph. Rudolf von Rohr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology, Ch. Trepp B T - Process</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High - pressure extraction of cork with CO2 and 1,4-dioxane</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High Pressure Chemical Engineering Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on High Pressure Chemical Engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-Dioxane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high-pressure extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supercritical CO2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volume 12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">417-422</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0921-8610</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The extraction of cork from cork-oak (Quercus suber L.) by high-pressure dioxane and supercritical CO2 mixtures was studied at 170 bar and in the temperature range of 160°C - 180°C. Suberin is preferably extracted, but extraction percentages were lower than 46%. Lignin extraction percentages are lower than 11%. Extraction selectivity did not change significantly with extracting fluid composition. The results so far obtained support the idea of the existence of an extensive polymeric system across the cell wall and the concept of a close interaction of suberin and lignin, which hinders lignin depolymerization and solubilization in the high-pressure fluid. Fourier transform infrared spectra of cork, extraction residues and extracts are also presented.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seca, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingues, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert, D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation and characterization of a lignin-like polymer of the cork of Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lignin-like polymer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">563-568</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A lignin-like polymer was successfully extracted from the cork of Quercus suber L. using an organosolv-based technique. This material was characterized by elemental analysis, functional group analysis, nitrobenzene oxidation followed by HPLC analysis of the oxidation products, FTIR and liquid C-13 NMR. The evidence thus obtained indicated that the extracted material was composed mainly of a lignin-like polymer covalently bound to residual aliphatic structures which are not present in common lignins and which have been assigned to suberin. The latter is likely to be attached to the oxygenated side chains of the phenolic polymer but bonding through the aromatic ring can also be envisaged. No residual carbohydrates were detected. The phenolic polymer, composed mainly of guaiacyl-type units and small amounts of syringyl-type units, had a low methoxy content and a high degree of condensation. This polymer showed the presence of a fraction containing C6Cn units with n &lt; 3 or even n &lt; 2.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dionísio, M. S. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, N. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorbed water in the cork structure. A study by thermally stimulated currents, dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, isothermal depolarization experiments and differential scanning calorimetry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of materials …</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dielectric loss</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dielectric relaxation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TSDC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water desorption</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/W311151N03T35133.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4394 - 4400</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reports on a modification of the dielectric properties of cork which occurs as a consequence of heating above 60 ~ C or evacuation for several days. This phenomenon was observed using different experimental techniques (thermally stimulated currents, dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, isothermal depolarization experiments and differential scanning calorimetry), and the corresponding kinetics were analysed. It was observed that the original properties of cork were recovered if the sample was exposed to room air for several weeks. It is suggested that the reported modification of the dielectric properties arises from desorption, induced by heating or evacuation, of water molecules absorbed in the cork structure.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naceur Belgacem, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of the cork surface by inverse gas chromatography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of colloid and interface science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface properties (PG)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979785713872</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246 - 249</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution has been used to study the surface properties of cork from Quercus suber. The dispersive component of its surface energy was determined at different temperatures using n-alkanes as probes, and a GDS value of 38+-1mJ.m-2 at 40ºC was obtained. The surface acid (A)/base(B) properties were also evaluated by using polar probes and the results indicate that cork has an amphoteric character, with a KA/KB=1.1. The advantages of IGC, compared with the technique of contact angle measurements in the characterization of the cork surface, are discussed</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naceur Belgacem, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of the cork surface by inverse gas chromatography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of colloid and interface science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface properties (PG)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-249</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution has been used to study the surface properties of cork from Quercus suber. The dispersive component of its surface energy was determined at different temperatures using n-alkanes as probes, and a GDS value of 38+-1mJ.m-2 at 40ºC was obtained. The surface acid (A)/base(B) properties were also evaluated by using polar probes and the results indicate that cork has an amphoteric character, with a KA/KB=1.1. The advantages of IGC, compared with the technique of contact angle measurements in the characterization of the cork surface, are discussed</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, N T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moura Ramos, J J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saramago, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The molecular relaxation mechanisms in cork as studied by thermally stimulated discharge currents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Materials Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dielectric relaxation (Voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermally stimulated discharge currents (TSDC)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2035-2041</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dielectric relaxation mechanisms present in cork have been investigated in the temperature range -100 to 100~ using the technique of thermally stimulated discharge currents. A relaxation mechanism was detected which showed a compensation behaviour as observed for the a-relaxation (or glass transition relaxation) of synthetic polymers and which lead us to attribute to cork a glass transition-like temperature of 18~ One lower temperature mechanism was also observed, with low activation enthalpy and entropy, which is presumably originated by local motions (internal rotations) of polar molecular groups. An upper Tg relaxation of higher intensity was also detected which was attributed to large-scale non-cooperative motions of polymeric segments.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of hot pressing densification on the cellular structure of black agglomerated cork board</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black cork agglomerate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell walls</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">densification (Voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samples of black cork agglomerate boards were observed by scanning electron microscopy, prior and after different densifi- cations. These boards were densified under conditions previous- ly defined, and were observed in two directions, parallel and per- pendicular to the compression axis. The relationship between the average cell wall distance and the compression applied was stud- ied and it was found that the maximum densification is achieved with a pressure of ca. 3 MPa. Some aspects of the influence of densification treatments on the chemical composition of the material were also broached.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM TREATMENT AT 100-DEGREES-C-150-DEGREES-C ON STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AND COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR OF CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">c</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-232</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of heating of cork in air at 100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C&lt;br/&gt;for up to 42 days have been studied. Dimensional and mass changes&lt;br/&gt;induced by heat treatment were measured and the chemical composition was&lt;br/&gt;analysed. The thermal degradation of cork is small for short periods of&lt;br/&gt;treatment but increases with time and temperature. Cork looses after 42&lt;br/&gt;days of treatment 6.8 % of its mass at 100-degrees-C and 19.9 % at&lt;br/&gt;150-degrees-C. Cork extractives and polysaccharides were found to be the&lt;br/&gt;most temperature labile components. The cellular structure, observed by&lt;br/&gt;scanning electron microscopy, did not change with treatment in these&lt;br/&gt;conditions. Compression curves of untreated and heat treated cork&lt;br/&gt;samples were obtained, which show an increase of compression strength&lt;br/&gt;upon heating for short exposure periods and a decrease for longer ones.&lt;br/&gt;The changes observed in the compression behaviour of cork treated at&lt;br/&gt;100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C were related to the chemical composition&lt;br/&gt;changes induced by heat treatment.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamero Guerrero, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EL ARCHIVO DE MUESTRAS DE CORCHO Y SU USO PARA LA OBSERVACION DE LA INFLUENCIA DE DETERMINADOS FACTORES SOBRE LA CALIDAD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-319</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annually, between April and July, is carry out the estimation in field of Cork Quality Works. That consist in several random sampling in those plots which turn cutting is over in the current year. In IPROCOR, since prepared and stored the samples obtained, are b~ing carried out, to define possible relations between several silvicultural and industrial operations and environmental factors, and cork quality, a set of measures and observations</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernández Fernández, Antonio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESTUDIO EXPERIMENTAL DE LAS CARACTERISTICAS FISICO-MECANICAS DE LOS TAPONES DE CORCHO NATURAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical and Chemical parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Standardization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-336</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present experimental study tries to evaluate the best way to cuantify cap natural cork quality by standardized experiments measuring different physical and chemical parameters. Within the cork sector, the cap industry is the broadest extended and the most representative, since it represents the most significant manufacture. Its economic value is a 70-80% of the final sale price. This study is referred to the cilindric cap, made from natural cork, boiled in water at 100°C, at atmospheric pressure.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORES QUE DETERMINAN LA CALIDAD DEL CORCHO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber stands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327 - 332</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality, strongly related with economical profit 9f Quercus suber stands, is today determined by the visual characteristics of corkwood planks, mainly porosity and thickness. Variance in those'parameters is imputed to ecologic?l, selvicultural and genetic factors. Relationship between environmental factors and cork qua lit y is studied in this work. Data from two samples obteined in Extremadura and Catalonia show that this dependence is significati ve.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORES QUE DETERMINAN LA CALIDAD DEL CORCHO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber stands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-332</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality, strongly related with economical profit 9f Quercus suber stands, is today determined by the visual characteristics of corkwood planks, mainly porosity and thickness. Variance in those'parameters is imputed to ecologic?l, selvicultural and genetic factors. Relationship between environmental factors and cork qua lit y is studied in this work. Data from two samples obteined in Extremadura and Catalonia show that this dependence is significati ve.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solis Sánchez, W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDUSTRIAS FORESTALES DE PRODUCTOS NO MADERABLES: CORCHO, RESINAS, ETC.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E.E.C.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marketing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-296</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within the whole of the forest industries based on secondary forest products, regarding' in Cork and Resins, reviewing to its more characteristics topics, showing its unequal tendency and the meaning role exercised by both in the European' Cornmunity .</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, M T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ordovás, M T Aguado J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UTILIZACION DE LOS RESIDUOS DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL CORCHO COMO SUSTRATO HORTICOLA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial wastes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">substrate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-262</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has been studied the waste of the cork industry as a new horticultural substrat. Results about physical, chemical and biological analyses of cork are presented. Also it has been studied germination, rooting and growth of different horticultural and ornamental plants on cork as potting media</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velasco Fernández, Luís</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VALORACION DE EXISTENCIAS DE CORCHO EN ARBOL MEDIANTE PROCESO FOTOGRAFICO CON JALON DE CONTRASTE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork cartography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-554</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work has as objetive to show a new method to obtain the amount of cork in cork-trees, by mean of theirs photographies, together with a graduated indicator to can get the valour of geometric measures by contrast comparison between them.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ROSA, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORTES, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER-ABSORPTION BY CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFUSION COEFFICEIENTS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIMENSIONAL CHANGE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER ABSORPTION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339 - 348</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study of liquid water absorption by cork was carried out in which the anisotropy of cork was taken into account. The changes with time of the mass, volume, and linear dimensions were measured for different orientations of the sections in cork exposed to liquid water at room temperature (20 C) and at 90-100 C. Two regimes of water absorption were identified, namely, a period involving dimensional change and a period with only mass change. Diffusion coefficients at both temperatures were estimated using a special technique. There is a small anisotropy with a faster diffusion in the radial direction. Diffusion coefficients at 90 C are two orders of magnitude larger than at room temperature. Water absorption in the cell walls causes the expansion of cork, which (for the boiled specimens tested) is slightly smaller in the radial direction. The volume increase is proportional to the mass increase and ceases after relatively short immersion times. At this stage, the cell walls are apparently saturated with water. Further immersion results in penetration of water into the cells. The kinetics of absorption is rather slow at long times, but eventually the cells become full of water, the density increases above that of water, and the cork sinks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baptista, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF GROWTH-RATE ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA BULLETIN</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPRESSION PROPERTIES</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GROWTH RATE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUERCUS-SUBER L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YOUNG's MODULI</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RIJKSHERBARIUM, PO BOX 9514, 2300 LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork samples with an age of 9 years and with different growth rates, corresponding to calibre classes `small', `medium' and `large', were observed by scanning electron microscopy and tested mechanically in compression. Differences in calibre correspond to different widths of annual growth rings; widths differ because both the number of cells produced per year and cell dimensions differ. For instance, small and large calibre cork had, respectively, 50 and 151 cells in one row of an annual growth ring, with an average prism height of 32.6 and 39.8 mum. The stress-strain curves obtained in compression parallel to the three main directions showed that cork with the higher growth rate (large calibre) has lower strength in compression for all strains and lower Young's moduli.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORTES, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth stresses and strains in cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood science and technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">back layer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growth stresses (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-258</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A detailed study of the growth stresses and strait~s in the cork sheI1 of the cork-oak was undertaken based on experimentally determined constitutive relations for cork in tension and compression. The stresses depend on the thicknesses of the cork shell and of the back layer around the cork shell, on the radius of the trunk and on its increase due to growth. The circumferential stresses in the cork shell and back layer are tensile and increase with increasing distance to the tree axis. The radial stresses are compressive and decrease with increasing distance to the tree axis. The strains due to growth are not recovered when the cork boards are removed, unless the boards are heated, for example, by immersion in boiling water. Other consequences of the growth stresses are analysed, such as the occurrence of corrugations in the lateral cell walls of cork, the variation of width of the successive growth rings and the occurrence of cracks in the back layer and outer cork layers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filomena Bento, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aurea Cunha, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moutinho, A. M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORTES, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A mass spectrometry study of thermal dissociation of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electron-induced fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal dissociation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016811769280004K</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191 - 204</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mass spectrometry has proved a convenient technique for the analysis of plant cell-wall material. In this work a comparative study is made of chemically treated cork and untreated cork, applying a method in which samples were continuously heated in vacuum. The outgassing products, upon electron-induced fragmentation, are analysed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Sequence of spectra at increasing temperatures were obtained for each sample, which allowed identification of the main groups of fragmentation. From such sequences of spectra one may derive intensity—temperature curves for each peak. Analysis of these curves for samples subjected to different treatments proved useful to identify the peaks, to assign the component which originates the species and even to derive activation energies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2–3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The thermochemical degradation of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass loss (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermochemical degradation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-269</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. The thermochemical degradation of cork from Quercus suber L. was studied in the temperature range 150 ~ ~ in relation to mass loss, chemical composition and the influ- ence on the cellular structure. The degradation of cork is strongly dependent on temperature and mass losses become significant at 200~ (15% of initial dry weight) and increase rapidly for higher temperatures (27% at 250 ~ 49% at 300 ~ 62% at 350 ~ until ashing at 450 ~ The polysaccharides are the most heat sensitive components: at 200 ~ hemicelluloses disappear and cellulose is degraded to a considerable extent. Suberin is more resistant and degradation starts at approx. 250~ 300~ samples only contain 7% suberin. The cellular structure of cork is also significantly influenced by temperature. Upon heating, cells expand and the cell walls stretch, attaining at 250~ a maximum cell volume increase corresponding to a factor of approximately 2. Above 300 ~ the structure of cell walls is considerably changed and show profound physical damage; in the later stages of pyrolysis, a cellular structure is no longer observed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González Fernández, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Al, D E Corcho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El, Modificar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, T González</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efectos en el rendimiento de la produccion de corcho al modificar el calibre de las planchas taponables</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wine bottle neck</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-130</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main purpose of this paper is to analise the posible effects of a diminution on the caliber of the bottle-cork on the economic profitability of the Extremadura cork-oak forest. A reduction from 22 mm to 17 mm in the wine-bottle neck will supose an increment of 27% in the raw production of bottle-cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>31</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A, JONES J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorptive substance for recovering oil on water - produced by rendering comminuted cork oleophobic and hydrophobic by heating with steam under pressure</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arborial material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oil compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sorptive capacity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improved substance for the recovery of oil and similar compounds from the surface of water, and other substrates is produced from a naturally occurring arborial material, typically the cork of the cork tree (Quercus Suber.), which is subjected to a process to improve the sorptive character of the raw material, by heating under pressure for a time. Specifically, the substance is heated at 150-350 deg.C for a period of time with the application of steam at a pressure of 0-1.5 megapascals in an autoclave or similar apparatus, comminuted in size below 5 mm mesh to give a sorptive capacity for oil and related compounds of 5-10 times its own weight. ADVANTAGE-The improved material exhibits ease of collecting sorbed oil from water using a strainer of nominal mesh size to effect 100% recovery with little uptake of water. The oil and related compounds can be separated from the sorbate by the application of pressure, centrifugal force, or by solvent extraction and/or distillation.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical composition and variability of cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproduction cork (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virgin cork</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of cork from Quercus suber L. was determined for virgin cork and for reproduction cork. Average chemical composition of virgin cork is: ash 0.7%, total extractives 15.3%, suberin 38.6%, lignin 21.7% and polysaccharides 18.2%. The carbo- hydrate composition shows that glucose represents 50.6% of all monosaccharides, xylose 35.0%~ arabinose 7.0% and galactose and mannose, respectively, 3.6% and 3.4%. Reproduction cork has a composition similar to virgin cork. For the cases studied, reproduction cork had however less extractives and a higher amount of suberin. Significant differences were found for the chemical composition of virgin cork in relation to location of extractives and polysaccharide content. The between-tree variability was large and a variation within the tree was also recorded.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M Emília</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORTES, M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF CORK FROM QUERCUS SUBER L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA Bulletin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell gcometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall corrugations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main characteristics of the cellular struc- ture of cork from Quercus suber L. are review- ed and comph;mented with new observations of virgin and reproduction cork by scanning electron microscopy. Particular emphasis is given to cell geometry and topology and to the corrugations that are observed in the cell walls. The effect of the growth season in these fea- tures is described. Large variations in cell size, wall thickness ajld corrugations are reported. Key words: Quercus SIlber, cork, cell gcometry, topology, cell wall corrugations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZIMMERMANN, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIMZ, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEEMULLER, E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H-1 AND C-13 NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF EXTRACTS FROM CORKS OF RUBUS-IDAEUS, SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM, AND QUERCUS-SUBER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1H and 13C NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aromatic substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus idaues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanum tuberosum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-49</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-extracted corks from Rubus-ideaus L., Solanum-tuberosum L., and Quercus-suber L., were milled in a vibrational ball mill. The material released was extracted with aqueous dioxane and DMF, Gel permeation chromatography of the extracts resulted in high and low molecular weight fractions. 3H and 13C NMR spectroscopic examination revealed that these fractions consisted mainly of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic compounds, alcohols, acids and esters. Aromatic substances could early be detected in very small amounts. Signals correspinding to guaiacyl, syringyl, and dilignol units were not found indicating that lignin is not prevent in the examined cork extracts.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeBaun, Robert M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nord, F F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The resistance of cork to decay by wood-destroying molds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">molds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resistance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1951</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-319</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new method for the determination of the lignin in cork has been reported. This procedure gives values ca. 25–30%. It is based on the colorimetric estimation of the lignin released by autoclaving with alkali. Using this method it was shown that cork is highly resistant to decay by brown-rot wood-destroying molds. This is attributed to the protective action of the suberin or to the presence in the cork of substances toxic to the molds.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metcalf, Woodbridge</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork oak tree in California</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork oak trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diameter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growth (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stripping</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1947</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26-46</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oaks have been planted in Cali- fornia since about 1855, and there are some outstandingly fine specimen trees growing from San Diego to Eureka at elevations below 2,700 feet. There are about 5,000 trees more than ten years old in the state. Cork oak acorns produced in Cali- fornia average 70 per pound, have a high germinative capacity which can be main- tained for twelve months or more by moist cold storage at 38° F., and during most years it should be possible to obtain from five to ten tons of cork oak acorns from California trees. During the past six years about 200,- 000 seedling trees of cork oak have been grown and distributed to land owners under the cooperative cork oak project. Where carefully planted, protected from animal damage and given adequate irri- gation, shade and care, many of these plantations have shown excellent sur- vival and growth. Because of the kind interest and co- operation on the part of owners of cork oak trees, it has been possible to carry on experimental stripping of about 500 cork oaks during the past six years. The stripping season has been found to be from about July 1 to early in October. Most vigorous and full-crowned trees can be stripped easily with the special tools developed and with virtually no damage to the inner bark. It is not advisable to strip trees which are thin crowned or suffering from drought, insects or dis- ease. Removal of cork from ornamental cork oaks changes their appearance but does not seriously check their growth or lessen their ornamental character. The 15 tons of cork has been quite thoroughly tested and found to be well suited for the making of composition cork articles, insulation blocks and other been rapid and satisfactory with trees, usually regaining the diameter before stripping in five years. Indications are that the reproduction cork is of excellent quality. Trees 25 to 30 years of age when stripped have put on a growth of 100 pounds of reproduction cork in five years. The most serious insect enemy of the cork oak in California is the gall wasp which kills many twigs, particularly on trees in dry locations. There is no known control for this pest. If the cooperative distribution of trees can be continued until there are one mil- lion cork oaks growing in California, they will when 30 years old contain an emergency supply of 50,000 tons of cork. This amount may be increased and the quality improved by successive stripping of the trees after they become 20 years of age.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke, Giles B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork and its uses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Chemical Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">uses (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1931</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1931///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed008p1462</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork is the bark of the cork oak which i s found along the shores of the West- ern Mediterranean. When the tree is twenty years old the cork i s stripped from the trunk and at nine-year intewals thereafter. Cork i s composed of tiny air-filled cells held together by a natural resinous binder. Because of this structure cork i s light, compressible, resilient, and waterproof. Cork has a low thermal conductivity and a high coefficient of friction. Cork has b e a shown to contain tannins, phlobaphaes, lignin, and cerin. Glycerin and several acids h o e been obtained by saponification. Natural cork is used to manufacture stoppers, life presewers, and many other articles. Scraps of cork are ground and used i n the manufacture of cork composition from which gaskets, polishing wheels, crown seels, and numerous other articles are made. Corkboard for insulation and cork tile, cork carpet, and linoleum for floors, are manufactured from cork.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1021/ed008p1462doi: 10.1021/ed008p1462The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record></records></xml>