<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macias-Fauria, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, Katherine J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape planning for the future: using fossil records to independently validate bioclimatic envelope models for economically valuable tree species in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Ecology and Biogeography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioclimatic envelope models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Little Ice Age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medieval Warm Period</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species distribution models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody species</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a--n/a</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim Bioclimatic envelope models (BEMs) for seven economically important tree species in Europe were independently validated using a hindcasting approach and fossil pollen records spanning the last 1000 years, including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the 20th century (PRES). The aim was to determine the accuracy of combining BEMs and palaeoecological data to predict continental-scale changes in distribution, and the availability of fossil data to hindcast economically important species. Location Europe, 11 °W–33 °E, 33–72 °N. Methods Eight types of BEMs were implemented in this study, covering most state-of-the-art modelling techniques. Present and palaeoclimatic data were obtained from the atmosphere–ocean global circulation model ECHO-G. The last millennium was divided into three climatically distinct periods: the MWP (ad 900–1300), the LIA (ad 1600–1850) and PRES (ad 1900–2000). Models were calibrated for each period and validated with climatic and pollen data from the remaining periods. Successfully validated models were projected onto a 1° European grid. Results BEMs were successfully validated with independent data. The average area under the curve statistic showed strong model performance, indicating: (1) the strength of BEMs for modelling current and future distributions and, (2) the potential of fossil pollen records to undertake these approaches. European-scale 1°- gridded maps of probability of occurrence largely agreed with observed 20th-century distributions for most taxa, allowing the construction of past modelled species distributions. Main conclusions Results suggest a high potential for BEMs to be used to model future species distributions, and highlight the importance of palaeoecological data to independently validate these models, taking into account the scales at which these data operate. Although valid, BEMs showed poorer performance with heavily managed species and/or those growing in heterogeneous terrain or with discontinuous distributions. The last millennium in Europe was characterized by an increase in woody crop species and a decline of forest species, suggesting increasing land use by humans.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Ruiz, José M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lana-Renault, Noemí</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological and erosive consequences of farmland abandonment in Europe, with special reference to the Mediterranean region – A review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bench terrace ﬁelds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">farmland abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Runoff generation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semiarid areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880911000041</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317 - 338</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farmland abandonment is a major problem in parts of Europe, particularly in mountain areas and semiarid environments. In such places, farmland abandonment represents a signiﬁcant land use change from cropping to a complex of plant successions. The present study assesses the hydromorphological effects of land abandonment in Europe, and the consequences thereof with respect to water resource availability and soil erosion. The evolution of abandoned ﬁelds depends on (i) the time of abandonment; (ii) climatic conditions in the abandoned area; (iii) particular characteristics of the ﬁelds; (iv) the land management regimen following abandonment; and, (v) the role played by government policy. Throughout most of Europe, vegetation on abandoned farmland has evolved into dense forest or shrub. The expansion of vegetation explains, in part, the perceived decline in water resources, reductions in soil loss and sediment delivery, and the progressive improvement of soil characteristics. Such evolution has resulted in changing stream morphology, featuring narrowing and incision, and a decline in sedimentation level in Mediterranean reservoirs. The abandonment of bench terrace ﬁelds coincided with an increase in the occurrence of small landslides in the steps between terraces, as well as changes in the spatial organization of saturated areas. Plant colonization is slower in semiarid areas, increasing the development of soil crusts that reduce inﬁltration and increase overland ﬂow. Land policies with detailed capability are necessary to remediate the consequences of farmland abandonment in various European environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werners, S E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">West, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leemans, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabara, J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dai, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flachner, Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neufeldt, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McEvoy, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cots, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trombi, G</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leal Filho, W</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opportunities and Constraints for Climate Adaptation in Regional Water and Land Use Planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">China</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hungary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional water and land use planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Verlag</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heidelberg</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">669-692</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9783642147753</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whereas the literature on adaptation is rich in detail on the impacts of, vulnerability to, and constraints of climate adaptation, less is known about the conditions that facilitate adaptation in practice. We examined the constraints and opportunities for adaptation in water and land use planning in three regions: the Guadiana River Basin in Spain and Portugal, the Tisza River Basin in Hungary and western Inner Mongolia in China. We analysed the conditions that either facilitate or constrain adaptation in relation to (1) adaptation actors, (2) adaptation strategies, and (3) adaptation objectives. Many adaptation assessments concentrate on climate impacts and the potential of adaptation strategies. The conditions that enable people to act on adaptation are less studied. Yet these have been identified as particularly important for successfully implementing adaptation. We find that adaptation is enhanced by pilot projects that test and debate new ideas through collaboration between recognized actors from civil society, policy, and science. Promising for adaptation is the integration of (traditional) agro-environmental land use systems that regulate regional climate impacts with new technologies, organizational responsibilities and financial instruments. A key challenge is to create flexible and equitable financial instruments that facilitate benefit and burden sharing, social learning, and that support a diverse set of potentially better adapted new activities rather than compensate for climate impacts on existing activities</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian, Erhard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new soil-dwelling palpigrade species from Northern Italy (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZOOTAXA</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arachnida</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diagnostic characters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">edaphomorphic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eukoenenia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liguria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAGNOLIA PRESS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Among the 27 palpigrade species recorded in Europe so far, 23 occur in caves or narrow subterranean voids. Eukoenenia gallii n. sp. from a cork oak forest on the Italian Riviera (Liguria) is added to the small group of edaphic European palpigrades. E. gallii is not closely related to the common soil-dweller E. mirabilis (Grassi &amp; Calandruccio, 1885), but to E. subangusta (Silvestri, 1903). Body shape and proportions make the new species look extremely edaphomorphic. All instars are described and illustrated with light micrographs of diagnostic traits.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bakker, Martha M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Govers, Gerard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Doorn, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quetier, Fabien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chouvardas, Dimitris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rounsevell, Mark</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change in four areas of Europe: The importance of landscape pattern</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geomorphology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169555X07002292</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213 - 226</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of erosion and sediment export to past land-use change has been studied in four agricultural areas of Europe. Three of these areas were subject to land abandonment or de-intensification and one to intensification of land-use practices. Erosion and sediment yield were modeled using the WaTEM/SEDEM model, which combines the RUSLE equation with a sediment routing algorithm. Spatial relationships between the RUSLE C-factor (i.e. land-use) and other erosion and sediment exportdetermining factors (slope, soil erodibility and distance to rivers) were investigated, as these account for non-linearity in the response of erosion and sediment export to land-use change. Erosion and sediment export have decreased enormously in the de-intensified areas, but slightly increased in the intensively cultivated area. The spatial pattern of land-use change in relation to other erosion and sediment export-determining factors appears to have a large impact on the response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change. That the drivers of abandonment of arable land and erosion coincide indicates that de-intensification leads to a more favourable landscape pattern with respect to reduction of erosion and sediment export. This mechanism applies not only within the study areas, but also among the European study areas where the process of intensification of some areas and de-intensification of others might result in an overall decrease of erosion and sediment yield through time</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bakker, Martha M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Govers, Gerard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Doorn, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quetier, Fabien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chouvardas, Dimitris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rounsevell, Mark</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change in four areas of Europe: The importance of landscape pattern</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geomorphology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-226</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of erosion and sediment export to past land-use change has been studied in four agricultural areas of Europe. Three of these areas were subject to land abandonment or de-intensification and one to intensification of land-use practices. Erosion and sediment yield were modeled using the WaTEM/SEDEM model, which combines the RUSLE equation with a sediment routing algorithm. Spatial relationships between the RUSLE C-factor (i.e. land-use) and other erosion and sediment exportdetermining factors (slope, soil erodibility and distance to rivers) were investigated, as these account for non-linearity in the response of erosion and sediment export to land-use change. Erosion and sediment export have decreased enormously in the de-intensified areas, but slightly increased in the intensively cultivated area. The spatial pattern of land-use change in relation to other erosion and sediment export-determining factors appears to have a large impact on the response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change. That the drivers of abandonment of arable land and erosion coincide indicates that de-intensification leads to a more favourable landscape pattern with respect to reduction of erosion and sediment export. This mechanism applies not only within the study areas, but also among the European study areas where the process of intensification of some areas and de-intensification of others might result in an overall decrease of erosion and sediment yield through time</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Rancourt, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fois, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavín, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchakérian, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallerand, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921448805003433</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167 - 179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Rancourt, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fois, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavín, M P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchakérian, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallerand, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atkinson, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rokas, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csoka, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieves-Aldrey, J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csoka, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieves-Aldrey, J L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOLECULAR ECOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alleles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andricus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose Acetate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrophoresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gallwasp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Variation: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glacial refugia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">host race</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: growth &amp; development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Cycle Stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parthenogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range expansion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WILEY-BLACKWELL</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">761-778</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Marble gallwasp Andricus kollari has a native range divided into two geographically separated lifecycles. In Eastern Europe and Turkey, the lifecycle involves a sexual generation on Turkey oak, Quercus cerris, while in Iberia and North Africa the sexual generation host is cork oak, Q. suber. Over the last 500 years, A. kollari has expanded its range into northern Europe, following human planting of Q. cem's from Italy and the Balkans. We ask: (i) what is the genetic relationship between eastern and western distributions of Andricus kollari? Can we determine which lifecycle is ancestral, and how long ago they diverged? (ii) To what extent have eastern and western native ranges contributed to northwards range expansion? (iii) Is there any evidence for hybridization between the two life cycle types? We present analyses of allozyme data for 13 polymorphic loci and of sequence variation for a 433 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. These show: (i) that four haplotype lineages (one in Spain, two in Hungary/Italy and one in Turkey) diverged more or less simultaneously between 1 and 2 million years ago, suggesting the existence of at least four refuges through recent ice age cycles. Our data cannot resolve which lifecycle type is ancestral. (ii) Populations north of putative refuges are divided into two sets. Populations in south-west France are allied to Spain, while ail remaining populations in northern Europe have been colonized from Italy and the Balkans. (iii) The transition from one race to another in south-west France is marked by abrupt transitions in the frequency of refuge-specific private alleles and corresponds closely to the northern limit of the distribution of cork oak. Although hybrids were detected in north-west France, none were detected where the two lifecycles meet in south-western France. The biology of oak gallwasps predicts that any hybrid zone will be narrow and limited to regions where Q. cem's and Q. suber meet. Our data suggest that eastern and western A. kollari are effectively separate species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11298986</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles - Stone, G; Atkinson, R; Rokas, A; Csoka, G; Nieves-Aldrey, J L)</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles - Stone, G; Atkinson, R; Rokas, A; Csoka, G; Nieves-Aldrey, J L)</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atkinson, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rokas, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csoka, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieves-Aldrey, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csoka, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieves-Aldrey, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOLECULAR ECOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alleles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andricus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose Acetate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytochrome b Group: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrophoresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gallwasp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Variation: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glacial refugia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">host race</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: growth &amp; development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Cycle Stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondrial: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parthenogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range expansion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11298986</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">761 - 778</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Marble gallwasp Andricus kollari has a native range divided into two geographically separated lifecycles. In Eastern Europe and Turkey, the lifecycle involves a sexual generation on Turkey oak, Quercus cerris, while in Iberia and North Africa the sexual generation host is cork oak, Q. suber. Over the last 500 years, A. kollari has expanded its range into northern Europe, following human planting of Q. cem's from Italy and the Balkans. We ask: (i) what is the genetic relationship between eastern and western distributions of Andricus kollari? Can we determine which lifecycle is ancestral, and how long ago they diverged? (ii) To what extent have eastern and western native ranges contributed to northwards range expansion? (iii) Is there any evidence for hybridization between the two life cycle types? We present analyses of allozyme data for 13 polymorphic loci and of sequence variation for a 433 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. These show: (i) that four haplotype lineages (one in Spain, two in Hungary/Italy and one in Turkey) diverged more or less simultaneously between 1 and 2 million years ago, suggesting the existence of at least four refuges through recent ice age cycles. Our data cannot resolve which lifecycle type is ancestral. (ii) Populations north of putative refuges are divided into two sets. Populations in south-west France are allied to Spain, while ail remaining populations in northern Europe have been colonized from Italy and the Balkans. (iii) The transition from one race to another in south-west France is marked by abrupt transitions in the frequency of refuge-specific private alleles and corresponds closely to the northern limit of the distribution of cork oak. Although hybrids were detected in north-west France, none were detected where the two lifecycles meet in south-western France. The biology of oak gallwasps predicts that any hybrid zone will be narrow and limited to regions where Q. cem's and Q. suber meet. Our data suggest that eastern and western A. kollari are effectively separate species.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles - Stone, G; Atkinson, R; Rokas, A; Csoka, G; Nieves-Aldrey, J L)From Duplicate 2 (Differential success in northwards range expansion between ecotypes of the marble gallwasp Andricus kollari: a tale of two lifecycles - Stone, G; Atkinson, R; Rokas, A; Csoka, G; Nieves-Aldrey, J L)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 11298986</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARBEZ, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BASIS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE EUROPEAN FOREST TREE GENE CONSERVATION NETWORKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENETIC RESOURCE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NETWORK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S301--S314</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, held in Strasbourg in 1990, engaged 32 signatory countries to initiate or to follow a concerted policy for forest tree gene conservation and to establish a provisional monitoring structure. This resolution has resulted in an international survey on the present status of forest tree genetic resources in Europe and relevant technical and regulatory measures. In parallel the first 4 pilot gene conservation networks concerning Norway spruce (Picea abies), Cork oak (Quercus suber), black poplar (Populus nigra) and the noble hardwoods (Rosaceaes essentially) were established. Each species or group of species represents a distinct model of spatial distribution and mating system. The second ministerial conference on the protection of forests, held in Helsinki in June 1993, has confirmed these orientations and has proposed the creation of a permanent European cooperative programme under the aegis of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources and the forest department of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Further research is necessary on the structure of the genetic variability, the mechanisms to maintain this variability in natural forests, and management and sylvicultural methods able to generate maximum adaptability.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARBEZ, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BASIS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE EUROPEAN FOREST TREE GENE CONSERVATION NETWORKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENETIC RESOURCE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NETWORK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S301 - S314</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, held in Strasbourg in 1990, engaged 32 signatory countries to initiate or to follow a concerted policy for forest tree gene conservation and to establish a provisional monitoring structure. This resolution has resulted in an international survey on the present status of forest tree genetic resources in Europe and relevant technical and regulatory measures. In parallel the first 4 pilot gene conservation networks concerning Norway spruce (Picea abies), Cork oak (Quercus suber), black poplar (Populus nigra) and the noble hardwoods (Rosaceaes essentially) were established. Each species or group of species represents a distinct model of spatial distribution and mating system. The second ministerial conference on the protection of forests, held in Helsinki in June 1993, has confirmed these orientations and has proposed the creation of a permanent European cooperative programme under the aegis of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources and the forest department of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Further research is necessary on the structure of the genetic variability, the mechanisms to maintain this variability in natural forests, and management and sylvicultural methods able to generate maximum adaptability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEREIRA DE ALMEIDA, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RIEKERK, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water balance of Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus suber forest stands in south Portugal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest ecology and management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiospermae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthropogenic factor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arbol forestal frondoso</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arbre forestier feuillu</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial forest stand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balance agua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bilan eau</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosque</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dicotyledones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus globulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facteur anthropique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factor antrópico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forêt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardwood forest tree</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrtaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peuplement forestier artificiel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poblamiento forestal artificial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatophyta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetación mediterránea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Végétation méditerranéenne</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water balance (citation)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-64</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study utilized two watersheds near the town of Odemira in Alentejo, a southern province of Portugal. The region has a relatively humid climate because of its proximity to the sea. One 6-ha watershed contained scattered native cork oak (Quercus suber) with a newly developing understory of shrubs. An adjacent 19-ha watershed contained a mature Eucalyptus globulus stand, which was harvested for the study. The study included measurements of precipitation, runoff and soil water storage. Measurements of the tree stands and canopies were included for the characterization of throughfall and stemflow</style></abstract></record></records></xml>