<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocco, Arturo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cossu, Antonio Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erre, Patrizia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieddu, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luciano, Pietro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial analysis of gypsy moth populations in Sardinia using geostatistical and climate models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Forest Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floramap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic information system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kriging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">probability map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial distribution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00488.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">417 - 426</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 Spatial ﬂuctuations of the Sardinian population of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) were characterized using geostatistical and climate models. Data on gypsy moth egg mass abundance recorded at 282 permanent monitoring sites from 1980 to 2004 were incorporated in a geographic information system with the vegetational, geomorphological and pedological features of the sites. 2 Statistical analyses revealed that the relative outbreak frequency was related to the predominant host tree, slope and elevation of the monitoring sites, whereas there was no correlation between outbreak frequency and exposure and soil type. 3 By using bioclimatic modelling, probability maps of gypsy moth outbreaks were generated. The model identiﬁed a probability surface with climatic conditions favourable to gypsy moth outbreaks and thus potentially subject to defoliation. The maps included 92 sites where outbreaks never occurred, suggesting that the Sardinian climate may not be a determinant factor for gypsy moth outbreaks. 4 The geostatistical method cokriging with outbreak frequency as a covariate was found to be the most suitable technique to estimate gypsy moth egg mass abundance. Semivariograms showed spatial correlation of egg mass abundance within the range 18.5–53 km. The results obtained were used to create regional gypsy moth distribution maps by cokriging, which demonstrated the outbreak foci and different infestation levels at each monitoring area. These results can help to delim</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staudt, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lhoutellier, Louise</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile organic compound emission from holm oak infested by gypsy moth larvae: evidence for distinct responses in damaged and undamaged leaves</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree Physiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogenic volatile organic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosphere atmosphere interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">homoterpene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant defense</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sesquiterpene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wounding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1433-1440</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliage of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak), a widespread Mediterranean species, constitutively emits large quantities of a complex genotype-dependent mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During a mass outbreak of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in southern France, we examined the effects of gypsy moth feeding on VOC production from whole apices and single leaves of Q. ilex. Feeding induced the emission of new VOCs at rates up to 240 ng m−2 s−1 (16% of the total VOC release), which mainly consisted of sesquiterpenes, a homoterpene and a monoterpene alcohol. The new compounds were emitted after a delay of several hours following infestation and their production declined rapidly when caterpillars were removed. Undamaged leaves of infested trees emitted new VOCs, but with a different composition to those of damaged leaves and at lower rates. Neither caterpillars nor caterpillar excrement released VOCs. Emission of constitutive VOCs by undamaged leaves of infested trees temporary increased by up to 30%, whereas, in damaged leaves, they remained stable and decreased after some days when necrotic spots occurred around the feeding sites. In continuous light and at constant temperature, emissions of new VOCs showed a marked diurnal cycle, whereas those of constitutive VOCs did not. The results suggest that induced VOCs make a significant contribution to the atmospheric VOC load and may mediate trophic interactions. The observed differential local and systemic responses in composition, quantity and time courses of emissions mirror the existence of several regulation processes triggered by different signaling compounds and elicitors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/27.10.1433</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/27.10.1433</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villemant, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrei-Ruiz, M C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life-cycles and biological features of eggs predators of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) in the Mamora cork oak forest, Morocco</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">allotrophic capacity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermestidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">egg predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life-cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantriidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morocco</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyralidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trogossitidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE 370 05, CZECH REPUBLIC</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-36</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The gypsy moth oophagous predator guild in the Mamora forest is an assemblage of many species whose succession in egg masses enhances the exploitation of this food source. Life history, biological Features and trophic capacities of predator species are described from field observations and laboratory rearing. Extreme diversity of diets, capacity to resist prolonged fasting and extended larval development with extra-instars enable them to survive on the cork oak when gypsy moth egg masses are absent. The 1986-1990 gypsy moth outbreak occurred in a forest part where unhealthy cork oaks are common. by providing abundant shelter for numerous arthropods these trees are beneficial to the oophagous predators which find there various and abundant food sources. This probably explains why egg predator activity in the infested area rapidly increased so that the pest outbreak collapsed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraval, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yousfi, M El</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dispersion active et passive de Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lép., Lymantriidae), cas de la subéraie marocaine atlantique</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Oak Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dispersal behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population Dynamics (PG)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-346</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Active und passive dispersal of Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) in cork-oak stands in MoroccoGypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a serious insect pest of cork-oak in Morocco, exhibits several dispersal modes. Sessile forms, especially eggs, are transported by man; neonate larva may be dropped by wind; older caterpillars move by crowling, in search of better food- or resting places; the male butterflies fly in search of a female; female imago is unable to fly.Authors review the modalities and conditions of these dispersal movements, by examining their possible effects on population dynamics. Attempts to control the insect by perturbating its movements were not successful. Many important questions concerning dispersal behaviour of the Gypsy moth remain to be answered. Résumé Des types divers de dispersion s'observent chez Lymantria dispar, ravageur du Chêne-liège. Les formes immobiles, les oeufs notamment, sont transportés par l'Homme; les chenilles nouveau-nées peuvent se laisser emorter par le vent; les chenilles plus âgées se déplacent surtout en rampant, à la recherche de meilleures conditions: les papillons mâles volent en quête d'une femelle; cette dernière est incapable de voler.Les auteurs passent en revue les modalités et les conditions de ces divers déplacements, en examinant leurs conséquences possibles sur le devenir des populations. Les tentatives faites pour lutter contre le ravageur en perturbant certains de ses déplacements n'ont pas été couronnées de succès. De graves lacunes subsistent dans notre connaissance de ces aspects de la bioécologie du ravageur. Zusammenfassung Über die aktive und passive Verbreitung des Schwammspinners Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) in den Korkeichenwäldern des atlantischen MarokkoDie Verbreitung des Korkeneichenschädlings Lymantria dispar erfolgt auf verschiedene Weise. Immobile Stadien, vor allem die Eier, werden von Menschen verschleppt. Junglarven lassen sich vom Wind transportieren, ältere Raupen verbreiten sich kriechend selbst. Männliche Falter fliegen auf der Suche nach Weibchen, während letztere nicht flugfähig sind.Die Autoren beschreiben die verschiedenen Modalitäten und Bedeutungen der Verbreitung und die möglichen Konsequenzen daraus für die Bildung einer Population. Versuche, durch Störung der Entwicklung eine Bekämpfung zu erreichen, schlugen bisher fehl. Große Lücken bestehen in unserer Kenntnis dieses Aspektes der Bioökologie des Schädlings.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraval, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La régulation des populations de Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lép., Lymantriidae) en suberaie marocaine atlantique: effets du climat, des entomophages et des facteurs anthropiques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human activities (PG)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymantria dispar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae), the Gypsy Moth, is a major pest in several forest areas from Japan to U.S.A. On the atlantic coastal plains of Morocco host-plant is cork oak, Quercus suber (L.). Depending upon the forests, its populations are latent or cyclic. In this later case, population dynamics are governed by quantitative and qualitative variations of the food provided by the tree (Fraval 1984).This paper deals with other factors acting as population regulators. Climate may have mainly indirect effects, modifying nutritional substrate. There are few natural enemies and we never observed any epizootic; gypsy moth population are affected by sudden and heavy mortalities triggered by trophic factors. Entomophagous insects rarely are efficient. Human activities have multiple effects upon cork oaks forests: trees are weakened and become more favourable to the insect pest; controlling measures are seldom. The mode gypsy moth population regulation that is described here seems to be specific. Résumé Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lép.; Lymantriidae) est un ravageur redoutable de diverses forêts, depuis le Japon jusqu'aux U.S.A. Dans les plaines de la bordure atlantique du Maroc, il vit sur Chêne-liège, Quercus suber (L.); selon les forêts, ses populations demeurent très peu denses (mode latent) ou bien passent par des phases de pullulation entrecoupées de périodes de latence (mode cyclique). Dans ce dernier cas, les variations quantitatives et qualitatives de l'alimentation, dues aux particularités de Q. suber, gouvernent la dynamique de ses populations (Fraval 1984). Les rôles d'autres facteurs sont examinés ici. Le climat semble agir surtout de façon indirecte, en modifiant le substrat alimentaire. Les ennemis naturels sont peu diversifiés et aucune épizootie n'a été remarquée; leurs populations sont sous la dépendance des mortalités brutales et massives engen-drées par le jeu des facteurs trophiques. L'impact des entomophages est le plus souvent négligea-ble. Les actions de l'Homme sont multiples dans les suberaies; la plupart affaiblissent les arbres, en les rendant plus favorables au ravageur; les interventions de lutte sont exceptionnelles. La façon dont les populations de L. dispar sont régulées apparaît originale. Zusammenfassung Zur Populationsregulation bei Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) in Korkeichenwäldern West-Marokkos: Einwirkungen des Klimas, der Entomophagen und des MenschenDer Schwammspinner, der von Japan bis zu den USA verbreitet ist, findet in Marokko in der Korkeiche, Quercus suber, seine Wirtspflanze. In Abhängigkeit von den Baumbeständen sind seine Populationen latent oder sich zyklisch vermehrend. Im letzteren Fall wird seine Populationsdynamik von den quantitativen und qualitativen Veränderungen des Nahrungswerts der Blätter bestimmt.Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die anderen Regulationsfaktoren. Das Klima hat vor allem indirekte, die Nahrung beeinflussende Wirkung. Es gibt wenige natürliche Feinde, und es werden niemals Epizootien beobachtet. Die Populationsdynamik des Schwammspinners wird durch plötzliche und starke Schwankungen unter dem Einflußtrophischer Faktoren bestimmt. Entomo-phage Insekten sind selten wirksam. Die Aktivitäten des Menschen resultieren in einer Schwächung und Schädlingsdisponierung der Bäume. Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen werden selten durchgeführt. Der hier beschriebene populationsdynamische Modus scheint artspezifisch zu sein.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>