<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dijck, Simone J. E. Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laouina, Abdellah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, Anabela V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antari, Mostafa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, Alfredo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borrego, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coen, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESERTIFICATION IN NORTHERN MOROCCO DUE TO EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RECHARGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">groundwater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morocco</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549 - 577</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groundwater resources in Morocco are expected to shrink in the next decades due to an increasing withdrawal for rural and urban development, and a decreasing internal recharge by precipitation under the influence of climate change. The objective of this work is to analyse the recharge of groundwater systems in a region with traditional agriculture and current transformations in northern Morocco (Sehoul region) in response to future climate change and land degradation. Models were used to simulate climate change and effects on surface runoff and groundwater recharge. The climate models indicated increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation in all seasons in 2050 compared to 1990, and an increasing variability of autumn precipitation. Because most cultivated fields are freshly ploughed and sown in autumn, this will increase the risk of desertification due to declining groundwater recharge and increased surface runoff and erosion. This is confirmed by the results of the event-based surface runoff simulation for the 2050 climate. Surface runoff is mainly produced in ancient grazing fields and fallow fields. In view of the current transformation of collective grazing fields into cultivated land, problems with loss of rainfall in surface runoff and soil erosion could be mitigated by 1. early tillage of cultivated fields along the slope contour, followed by leveling, 2. locating cultivated fields downslope of grazing fields to enable the capturing of diffuse surface runoff coming from the grazing fields, and 3. leaving fallow fields untilled and covered with crop remnants. The groundwater modeling results indicate a decrease of the annual groundwater recharge by rainfall of 40-68% from the climate centered in 1990 to the climate centered in 2050. As a result, groundwater levels are predicted to fall up till 2005, but the results are unreliable due to model errors. However, the decreases in precipitation, infiltration and groundwater recharge predicted in this study may be expected to add to the observed trend of groundwater level decrease in the study area, and to continuing desertification.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dijck, Simone J E Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laouina, Abdellah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, Anabela V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antari, Mostafa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, Alfredo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borrego, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coen, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESERTIFICATION IN NORTHERN MOROCCO DUE TO EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RECHARGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">groundwater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morocco</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-577</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groundwater resources in Morocco are expected to shrink in the next decades due to an increasing withdrawal for rural and urban development, and a decreasing internal recharge by precipitation under the influence of climate change. The objective of this work is to analyse the recharge of groundwater systems in a region with traditional agriculture and current transformations in northern Morocco (Sehoul region) in response to future climate change and land degradation. Models were used to simulate climate change and effects on surface runoff and groundwater recharge. The climate models indicated increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation in all seasons in 2050 compared to 1990, and an increasing variability of autumn precipitation. Because most cultivated fields are freshly ploughed and sown in autumn, this will increase the risk of desertification due to declining groundwater recharge and increased surface runoff and erosion. This is confirmed by the results of the event-based surface runoff simulation for the 2050 climate. Surface runoff is mainly produced in ancient grazing fields and fallow fields. In view of the current transformation of collective grazing fields into cultivated land, problems with loss of rainfall in surface runoff and soil erosion could be mitigated by 1. early tillage of cultivated fields along the slope contour, followed by leveling, 2. locating cultivated fields downslope of grazing fields to enable the capturing of diffuse surface runoff coming from the grazing fields, and 3. leaving fallow fields untilled and covered with crop remnants. The groundwater modeling results indicate a decrease of the annual groundwater recharge by rainfall of 40-68% from the climate centered in 1990 to the climate centered in 2050. As a result, groundwater levels are predicted to fall up till 2005, but the results are unreliable due to model errors. However, the decreases in precipitation, infiltration and groundwater recharge predicted in this study may be expected to add to the observed trend of groundwater level decrease in the study area, and to continuing desertification.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbancho, A C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabel, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolinches, C</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grandal, A and Pages, L</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of scale on surface runoff processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CADERNOS DO LABORATORIO XEOLOXICO DE LAXE 21</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDICIOS CASTRO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O CASTRO DE SAMOEDO, 15168 SADA, LA CORUNA, SPAIN</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-102</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a small catchment under the so-called dehesa landuse system, the production of surface runoff is investigated at different scales. This includes experiments with simulated rainfall at micro-plots, event-based measurements of overland flow at 17 open plots and 1 closed plot, and discharge production of the catchment and subcatchment. The runoff coefficients of the considered scales form two groups, with low values for the catchment and sub-catchment and high values for the microplots and hillslope plots. The results show that large part of runoff produced at the slopes is infiltrated afterwards at colluvial sites and the valley floors. Furthermore, they indicate the importance of studying at various scales in order to understand the hydrological processes operating in catchments.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbancho, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabel, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolinches, C.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grandal, A. and Pages</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of scale on surface runoff processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CADERNOS DO LABORATORIO XEOLOXICO DE LAXE 21</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDICIOS CASTRO</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91 - 102</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a small catchment under the so-called dehesa landuse system, the production of surface runoff is investigated at different scales. This includes experiments with simulated rainfall at micro-plots, event-based measurements of overland flow at 17 open plots and 1 closed plot, and discharge production of the catchment and subcatchment. The runoff coefficients of the considered scales form two groups, with low values for the catchment and sub-catchment and high values for the microplots and hillslope plots. The results show that large part of runoff produced at the slopes is infiltrated afterwards at colluvial sites and the valley floors. Furthermore, they indicate the importance of studying at various scales in order to understand the hydrological processes operating in catchments.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: CADERNOS DO LABORATORIO XEOLOXICO DE LAXE 21&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: O CASTRO DE SAMOEDO, 15168 SADA, LA CORUNA, SPAIN</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joffre, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rambal, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TREE COVER INFLUENCES THE WATER-BALANCE OF MEDITERRANEAN RANGELANDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEEP DRAINAGE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evapotranspiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grasses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrological equilibrium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDITERRANEAN OAK WOODLANDS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus-suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water balance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">570-582</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa ecosystems of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula are characterized as a savanna-like rangeland dominated by scattered mediterranean evergreen oak trees. We investigated whether isolated trees modify the water balance of this ecosystem and if so, what implications this finding might have on models that assume homogeneity of soil water resources. The water balance of the two ecological components of the dehesas-(1) the tree-grass component, and (2) the open areas between the tree canopies with unshaded grass vegetation-was studied for three consecutive years in three locations in the Sierra Norte de Sevilla region of Andalusia in southern Spain. In this region, annual rainfall was generally between 600 and 800 mm, and the summer drought lasted almost-equal-to 130 d. Soil water storage was measured with a neutron moisture gauge outside and under the tree canopy. Deep drainage between two consecutive census dates was calculated using field-measured drainage characteristics. Evapotranspiration (Ea) and surface runoff were computed from the water balance equation assuming that Ea is limited by Penman potential evapotranspiration. Monthly Ea by annual species in open areas was poorly correlated with rainfall levels in the autumn and was limited during the spring by availability of water in the top 40 cm of soil. During summer, monthly Ea by trees ranged from 30 to 50 mm. Mean annual Ea was 400 mm outside and 590 mm under the tree cover. In open areas, water yield (WY), defined as the sum of deep drainage and surface runoff, ranged from 65 to 100% of total Ea, whereas under the tree canopy WY was only 20 to 40% of the Ea. Under the tree canopy, when annual precipitation was &lt; 570 mm, WY was negligible and all precipitation was lost by evapotranspiration. Outside the tree canopy, WY occurred as soon as annual precipitation exceeded 250 mm. Models of competition between trees and grass generally assume a spatial homogeneity of soil hydrodynamic properties. Our results, however, show that both soil water storage and evapotranspiration are greater for the tree-grass component. Consequently, these models must account for this spatial variability in water resources according to species.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>