<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Besson, Cathy Kurz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigues, Maria Lucília</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herd, Alastair</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, Olga Mary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David, Teresa Soares</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Markus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otieno, Denis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keenan, Trevor F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gouveia, Célia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mériaux, Catherine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chaves, Maria Manuela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, João S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak physiological responses to manipulated water availability in a Mediterranean woodland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throughfall manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree transpiration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192313002724http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192313002724</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">230 - 242</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study details the physiological responses of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) to manipulated water inputs. Treatments named as dry, ambient and wet, which received 80, 100 and 120% of the annual precipitation, respectively, were applied to a Mediterranean woodland in southern Portugal. Tree ecophysiology and growth were monitored from 2003 to 2005. The impacts of the water manipulation were primarily observed in tree transpiration, especially dur- ing summer drought. Rainfall exclusion reduced the annual stand canopy transpiration by 10% over the 2-year study period, while irrigation increased it by 11%. The accumulated tree transpiration matched precipitation in spring 2004 and 2005 at the stand level, suggesting that cork oak trees rely on precip- itation water sources during the peak of the growing season. However, during the summer droughts, by trees appeared unaffected by the extreme drought of 2005. Our study shows that cork oak rapidly and completely recovered from the extreme dry year of 2005 or from rainfall exclusion. Our results support the eco-hydrological equilibrium theory by which plant acquire complementary protective mechanisms to buffer the large variability in water availability experienced in semi-arid ecosystems. In optimizing their structural biomass increase in response to increasing drought stress, cork oak trees succeeded in restricting water losses to maintain the minimum leaf water potential above the critical threshold of xylem embolism, though with narrower hydraulic safety margins in 2005. Our findings highlight cork oak’s sensitivity to the amount and timing of late spring precipitation. This could be critical as future climate scenarios predict a reduction of spring precipitation as well as enhanced severity of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the 21st century. In inducing water stress before the onset of summer droughts, the predicted spring precipitation decline could drive the species closer to the threshold of catastrophic xylem embolism at the peak of the drought period. groundwater was the main water source for trees. Despite the significant differences in soil water content and tree transpiration, no treatment effects could be detected in leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange, except for a single event after spring irri- gations in the very dry year 2005. These irrigations were intentionally delayed to reduce dry spell duration during the peak of tree growing season. They resulted in an acute positive physiological response of trees from the wet treatment one week after the last irrigation event leading to a 32% raise of stem diame- ter increment the following months. Our results suggest that in a semi-arid environment precipitation changes in spring (amount and timing) have a stronger impact on cork oak physiology and growth than an overall change in the total annual precipitation. The extreme drought of 2005 had a negative impact on tree growth. The annual increment of tree trunk diameter in the ambient and dry treatments was reduced, while it increased for trees from the wet treatment. Water shortage also significantly reduced leaf area. The latter dropped by 10.4% in response to the extreme drought of 2005 in trees from the ambient treatment. The reduction was less pronounced in trees of the wet treatment (−7.6%), and more pronounced in trees of the dry treatment (−14.7%). Cork oak showed high resiliency to inter-annual precipitation variability. The annual accumulated tree transpiration, the minimum midday leaf water potential and the absolute amount of groundwater used</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 1 ( Cork oak physiological responses to manipulated water availability in a Mediterranean woodland - Besson, Cathy Kurz; Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel; Rodrigues, Maria Lucília; Almeida, Pedro; Herd, Alastair; Grant, Olga Mary; David, Teresa Soares; Schmidt, Markus; Otieno, Denis; Keenan, Trevor F; Gouveia, Célia; Mériaux, Catherine; Chaves, Maria Manuela; Pereira, João S )From Duplicate 1 ( Cork oak physiological responses to manipulated water availability in a Mediterranean woodland - Besson, Cathy Kurz; Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel; Rodrigues, Maria Lucília; Almeida, Pedro; Herd, Alastair; Grant, Olga Mary; David, Teresa Soares; Schmidt, Markus; Otieno, Denis; Keenan, Trevor F; Gouveia, Célia; Mériaux, Catherine; Chaves, Maria Manuela; Pereira, João S )The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez-Giráldez, Pedro J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polo, María José</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural vegetation covers as indicators of the soil water content in a semiarid mountainous watershed</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Indicators</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landsat-TM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WiMMed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">524-535</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper investigates the use of the vegetative state of natural covers as an indicator of soil moisture conditions at the end of the dry season in order to evaluate the cumulative effect of the hydrological regime. To achieve this, the three major vegetation covers in a mountainous semiarid environment in southern Spain were selected. Temporal and spatial trends of NDVI from Landsat-TM images were computed and related to the different hydrological patterns of variables in the study site, which were obtained with the hydrological WiMMed model. The heterogeneity in the hydrological behavior during the study period (914.5mm of annual rainfall in the wettest year (2009–2010) and 284.4mm in the driest year (2004–2005)) was reflected in the annual differences in NDVI values with steady mean NDVI values in coniferous vegetation (0.5–0.6) and more variable values in scrub cover. Both Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis showed correlations among the different states of the vegetation cover, the variables involved in the soil water balance and those related to the snow dynamics of the antecedent year. Exponential fits were obtained between the mean annual soil water content and NDVI values with Pearson r2 coefficients of over 0.7 in scrub cover. In certain years, the best fits were also found in scrub cover with r2 values of up to 0.9. These results demonstrate the relationship between soil water content, the vigor of the natural vegetation and the hydrological characteristics of the antecedent year. The expressions obtained may serve to adjust the soil water content at the beginning of a hydrological year and to use the scrub cover as an indicator of the soil water balance in the area for a given year.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabel, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomez GUTIÉRREZ, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of interannual rainfall variability on runoff generation in a small dry sub-humid watershed with disperse tree cover</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discharge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RAINFALL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-285</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent studies in small experimental catchments under Mediterranean-type climate revealed a complex hydrological catchment response, presenting saturation excess runoff generation and, to a minor degree, infiltration excess flow. Many of these catchments, however, belong to areas with sub-humid or humid Mediterranean climate. Catchment studies were carried out since 1991 in savannah-like grazed land (dehesas), which are widespread in south-western Spain, and also elsewhere in the Mediterranean. Albeit knowledge gained by previous studies, no thorough analysis has been carried out on the temporal variation of discharge production using the complete dataset. The objectives include i) an analysis of the temporal variation of discharge and rainfall at different temporal scales, ii) exploration of the role of antecedent soil moisture conditions in runoff production, iii) empirical modeling of rainfall- runoff relationships at the event scale and iv) definition of the importance of interannual rainfall variation on discharge production. The analysis were based on rainfall and runoff which were monitored at a time resolution of 5 minutes and periodically measured soil moisture from various depth in the valley bottom. Regression analysis as well as the comparison of hydrographs illustrate on the importance of antecedent rainfall conditions. Soil moisture in the valley bottom was crucial to understand the hydrological behaviour of the catchment. A soil moisture threshold of 0.37 m3 m-3 was defined above which runoff coefficients increase sharply. This situation is reached with 170 mm of antecedent rain falling in a continuous way. The results indicate that saturation excess flow and preferential subsurface flow processes are responsible of most of the runoff generated. Hortonian type overland flow dominates under dry soil conditions and is produced by high intensity rainfall. Non-linear regression analysis with data grouped according to antecedent catchment conditions produced highly significant regression models, explaining event discharge with three variables: Maximum 60-minute rainfall intensity (I60), event rainfall minus I60 and mean antecedent daily rainfall. Variability of monthly runoff is best explained by interannual rainfall variation rather than by mean seasonal distribution. During droughts, which are a common feature in the Mediterranean, discharge was very low. Runoff is highly concentrated in time with 10% of the months accounting for 85% of total discharge.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monnier, Yogan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prévosto, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripert, Christian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbani, Aude C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, Catherine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest microhabitats differentially influence seedling phenology of two co-existing Mediterranean oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus pubescens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01358.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">260 - 270</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question How do forest microhabitats impact seasonal microclimate conditions and phenological seedling strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean Quercus species with different leaf habits? Location Pinus halepensis woodlands, Provence, SE France. Methods Ninety sets of three acorns of Quercus ilex (evergreen) or Quercus pubescens (winter-deciduous) were sown under various P. halepensis canopy cover conditions. Canopy cover and litter depth were measured at each sowing point, and soil moisture and temperature were measured twice monthly. Seedling phenology and aerial development were monitored during the second growing season under different microhabitats. Results During rainy periods, soil moisture was higher under open canopy and thinner litter layers, whereas during summer drought soil moisture was higher under dense canopy and thicker litter layers. Quercus pubescens seedlings had higher growth activity than Q. ilex before summer drought, whereas the pattern reversed during autumnal growth. Dense canopy cover strongly delayed budburst and decreased foliar development in Q. pubescens, which was more affected than Q. ilex. Depending on species phenology, litter thickness can influence height growth of flushes during early summer. Conclusions Quercus pubescens has a phenological strategy to allow development of maximal foliar area before summer drought, a typical growth strategy of Mediterranean winter-deciduous species. In contrast, later phenological activity of evergreen Q. ilex enables it to cope with the dry period and capitalize on autumnal precipitation events. Dense cover acts as shelter in the dry season but can reduce soil moisture during wetter seasons. In contrast to Q. ilex, Q. pubescens appeared strongly dependent on canopy cover, suggesting that Q. ilex has a larger regeneration niche in Aleppo pine woodlands. In the context of global change, this ‘microhabitat effect’ on species-specific phenological strategy underlines the need to consider effects of local environmental conditions on regenerating species.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabarrón-Galeote, Miguel Angel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Sinoga, José Damián</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quesada, Miguel a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of aspect in soil and vegetation water dynamics in dry Mediterranean conditions: functional adjustment of evergreen and semi-deciduous growth forms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accepted 18 february 2012</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aspect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cistus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lavandula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant water balance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">received 23 may 2011</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revised 12 december 2011</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eco.1262</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a - n/a</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was undertaken in a watershed at a dry Spanish Mediterranean location. The effects of the north-facing and southfacing aspects on atmospheric parameters, soil water contents (SWCs) and plant water balances were assessed during 18 months including two dry seasons and one wet season. The species studied were the evergreen sclerophyll Quercus suber and the semideciduous shrubs Cistus albidus, Cistus monspeliensis and Lavandula stoechas. Atmospheric parameters were similar in both exposures, but water content of the 30-cm uppermost soil layers was higher under canopy in the south-facing slope during the wet season. Water balances of both slopes were different, and this was related to the lower shrub abundance and the vegetation patchiness observed in the south-facing slope. Autumn plant recovery was faster in the north-facing hillslope and occurred ﬁrst in shrubs. During the whole study, Quercus suber displayed a hydrostable strategy maintaining an optimum water balance in both hillslopes. This was not the case of shrubs that avoided drought using a phenological adjustment and were more affected by aspect. Differences between tree and shrub water economies relied mainly on their respective root systems. The faster recovery of shrubs after the ﬁrst autumn rainfalls allows them to avoid competition with other functional groups for water and nutrients during some days. Leaf-drying curves distinguished the functional behaviour of the tree and the shrubs because stomatal closure occurred at higher relative water content in the former. The coexistence of both functional strategies ensures an efﬁcient use of water and nutritional resources</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, a C. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minunno, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caldeira, M. C. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banza, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateus, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneiro, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shvaleva, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jongen, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bugalho, M. N. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nogueira, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lecomte, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, J. S. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil water availability strongly modulates soil CO2 efflux in different Mediterranean ecosystems: Model calibration using the Bayesian approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bayesian calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empirical model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil CO2 efﬂux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016788091200285X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88 - 100</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil respiration in drought prone regions is highly dependent on the precipitation regime and soil moisture conditions, which are expected to change in a global warming context. In the present study we used an extensive collection of ﬁeld chamber measurements of soil respiration (Rs ) from forest and grassland sites of centre and south of Portugal distributed over a 10 year period. This data were summarized and analysed with the objective to describe seasonal variability of Rs as affected by soil moisture (Hs ) and soil temperature (Ts ). A Bayesian framework was used to test the effectiveness of soil bioclimatic models in estimating Rs on a daily and monthly time step. Rs seasonality was similar between sites, reaching a maximum in spring and autumn and a minimum in the dry season (July–September). No differences were observed for Rs between sites with different standing biomass or soil carbon stocks either on an annual or seasonal timescale. Hs , and not Ts , was the driving factor of Rs during most of the year. Ts drove Rs response only above certain Hs limits: 10% for forest sites and 15% for grassland sites leading to a Q10 of 2.01, 1.61 and 1.31 for closed forests, open forests and grasslands, respectively. The Bayesian analysis showed that models using Hs as an independent variable performed better than models driven by Ts alone. Monthly estimates of Rs in grasslands can be predicted by simple climatic models based on Hs but none of them was suitable for forest ecosystems, stressing the need for a process-based approach. This study adds to the evidence that Hs controls Rs ﬂuxes for Mediterranean ecosystems and should always be taken into account for extrapolation purposes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otieno, D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirzaei, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, M. Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Y. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, M. W. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wartinger, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tenhunen, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbaceous layer development during spring does not deplete soil nitrogen in the Portuguese montado</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant and soil nitrogen pools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portuguese montado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root distribution and nutrient uptake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196310002922</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231 - 238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen (N) content in the soil and in the herbaceous biomass were monitored during spring of 2004e2006 to determine how the herbaceous layer development inﬂuences soil N availability in the montado ecosystem of southern Portugal. Highest (246.6 52.7 g m2 ) and lowest (123.2 89.5 g m2 ) peak biomass occurred in 2006 and 2005 respectively. Total soil N within the top 20 cm soil proﬁle ranged between 0.2 0.1% in February and 0.41 0.2% in May, while available soil N was lowest (5 2 mg g 1 soil) in February but increased three-to-ﬁve fold in March and was &gt;17.5 mg g 1 soil at senescence in May. Signiﬁcant (p &lt; 0.001) increase in total N in the aboveground pool occurred between February and May. There was however, no decay in soil N content. Instead, the herbaceous vegetation enhanced soil N input and N retention in the ecosystem. Most of the herbaceous plants were annuals with large reserves of organic N at senescence, which returned to the soil as detritus. The herbaceous vegetation is a critical component of the montado that contributes to N recharge and cycling within the ecosystem</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, M Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otieno, D O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirzae, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Y L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, M W T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siebke, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foken, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro, N.a.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, J S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tenhunen, J D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2 exchange and biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation in the Portuguese montado ecosystem during spring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental regulators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbaceous layer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Net ecosystem CO2 exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring period</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montado are spatially heterogeneous ecosystems that are economically important for the production of cork and herbaceous biomass that provide fodder for animals. Understanding of how trees and the herbaceous layer interact to determine pasture yield and the overall CO2 exchange of the herbaceous layer is crucial. Portable chambers were used to study CO2 exchange by the herbaceous layer component of the montado ecosystem in southern Portugal. Biomass, Net herbaceous layer CO2 exchange (NEE) and respiration (Reco) were measured in the open and understory locations between March and May, during the active growing period. Parameter ﬁts on the NEE data were performed using empirical hyperbolic light response model, while ecosystem respiration (Reco) data were ﬁtted with a two-parameter exponential model. Annual green biomass productions were 405.8 9.0 and 250.6 6.3 g m2 in the open and the understory, respectively. The respective maximum NEE during the day were 24.0 2.9 and 9.6 2.2 mmol m2 s 1 while maximum Reco were 20.6 2.2 and 10.0 1.6 mmol m2 s 1 , occurring in April. Photosynthetic photon ﬂux density (PPFD) explained more that 70% of variations in daytime NEE while soil temperature at 10 cm depth (Tsoil ) explained &gt;50% of the variations in Reco under non-limiting soil moisture conditions. Both the herbaceous layer communities shared similar plant functional types and no signiﬁcant difference in nutrient nitrogen (N) occurred between them. The two herbaceous layer components shared similar physiological characteristics and differences that arose in their CO2 uptake capacities and green biomass production were the result of microclimatic differences created by tree shading</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, Gerardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubera, Elena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of stand density on water status and leaf gas exchange in Quercus ilex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open woodland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sap flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112707005592</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74 - 84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree thinning reduces tree-to-tree competition and likely contributes to the improvement of tree water status and productivity in water-limited systems. In this study, we examined the importance of competition for water among Quercus ilex trees in open woodlands by comparing the water consumption and physiological status of trees located along stand density gradients which ranged from 10% (low density; LD) to 100% (high density; HD) of canopy cover. The study was carried out at two sites which differed in mean annual rainfall (506 and 816 L m 2 ; Dsite and Wsite , respectively). Predawn and midday leaf water potential (cd and cm, respectively) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured every two weeks from mid May to mid September, in eight trees located along a stand density gradient at each site. Sap ﬂow and soil moisture were measured only at Dsite . Sap ﬂow was continuously recorded by sap ﬂowmeters (constant heating method) installed in 12 trees along two stand density gradients. Soil moisture (U) was measured every 20 cm for the ﬁrst meter and then every 50 cm up to 250 cm. Measurements were conducted in 18 soil proﬁles, 6 located in HD and 12 in LD (six beneath and six out the canopy). At Wsite , differences among stand densities for c and A were very small and emerged only at the end of the dry season. At Dsite , c (both predawn and midday), A, U, and sap ﬂow density were signiﬁcantly higher in LD trees than in HD ones. At Dsite , some water remained unused in the soil at the end of the dry season beyond the canopy in the LD areas, and trees did not experienced such an acute water deﬁcit (cd &gt; 1 MPa) as the HD trees did (cd &lt; 3 MPa). Summer tree transpiration at the stand level (Estand) tended to saturate with the increase of canopy cover. Estand increases by 32% when canopy cover goes from 50% to 100%. Results conﬁrmed that the increase of tree-to-tree competition with stand density was much more signiﬁcant at dry sites. In these sites, tree thinning is recommended as a way to maintain tree functioning</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, Gerardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubera, Elena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of stand density on water status and leaf gas exchange in Quercus ilex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open woodland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sap flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree thinning reduces tree-to-tree competition and likely contributes to the improvement of tree water status and productivity in water-limited systems. In this study, we examined the importance of competition for water among Quercus ilex trees in open woodlands by comparing the water consumption and physiological status of trees located along stand density gradients which ranged from 10% (low density; LD) to 100% (high density; HD) of canopy cover. The study was carried out at two sites which differed in mean annual rainfall (506 and 816 L m 2 ; Dsite and Wsite , respectively). Predawn and midday leaf water potential (cd and cm, respectively) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured every two weeks from mid May to mid September, in eight trees located along a stand density gradient at each site. Sap ﬂow and soil moisture were measured only at Dsite . Sap ﬂow was continuously recorded by sap ﬂowmeters (constant heating method) installed in 12 trees along two stand density gradients. Soil moisture (U) was measured every 20 cm for the ﬁrst meter and then every 50 cm up to 250 cm. Measurements were conducted in 18 soil proﬁles, 6 located in HD and 12 in LD (six beneath and six out the canopy). At Wsite , differences among stand densities for c and A were very small and emerged only at the end of the dry season. At Dsite , c (both predawn and midday), A, U, and sap ﬂow density were signiﬁcantly higher in LD trees than in HD ones. At Dsite , some water remained unused in the soil at the end of the dry season beyond the canopy in the LD areas, and trees did not experienced such an acute water deﬁcit (cd &gt; 1 MPa) as the HD trees did (cd &lt; 3 MPa). Summer tree transpiration at the stand level (Estand) tended to saturate with the increase of canopy cover. Estand increases by 32% when canopy cover goes from 50% to 100%. Results conﬁrmed that the increase of tree-to-tree competition with stand density was much more signiﬁcant at dry sites. In these sites, tree thinning is recommended as a way to maintain tree functioning</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DE SIMÓN NAVARRETE, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripoll Morales, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández Ondoño, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro Reyes, F B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez Morales, M N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallego Teruel, E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of the aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and the holm oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) to the collection of overland runoffs through minicatchments in different Mediterranean environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Systems; Vol 15, No 2 (2006)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">minicatchment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overland runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water is one of the most limiting factors in the forestation of Mediterranean areas, so that the survival and development of these areas is always connected to the availability of water resources. The aim of this study is to assess the efficiency of a series of hydraulic structures linked to land preparation, called minicatchments, as runoff collectors meant to increase water availability in the forestation. In order to do so, the amount of overland runoff reaching every seedling, as well as the survival of the reforestation in four places with different climatic and edaphic characteristics have been assessed. Results obtained show how water availability depends both on the amount of water reaching the bank and on the physical properties of the land. The areas that have normally been considered more difficult to restore due to a de-structured profile, to the presence of superficial physical crusts and to a scarce vegetal cover are the ones showing a better response to the technique of runoff collection trough minicatchments.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DE SIMÓN NAVARRETE, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripoll Morales, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández Ondoño, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro Reyes, F. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez Morales, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallego Teruel, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of the aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and the holm oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) to the collection of overland runoffs through minicatchments in different Mediterranean environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Systems; Vol 15, No 2 (2006)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">minicatchment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overland runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/966/963</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water is one of the most limiting factors in the forestation of Mediterranean areas, so that the survival and development of these areas is always connected to the availability of water resources. The aim of this study is to assess the efficiency of a series of hydraulic structures linked to land preparation, called minicatchments, as runoff collectors meant to increase water availability in the forestation. In order to do so, the amount of overland runoff reaching every seedling, as well as the survival of the reforestation in four places with different climatic and edaphic characteristics have been assessed. Results obtained show how water availability depends both on the amount of water reaching the bank and on the physical properties of the land. The areas that have normally been considered more difficult to restore due to a de-structured profile, to the presence of superficial physical crusts and to a scarce vegetal cover are the ones showing a better response to the technique of runoff collection trough minicatchments.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HERNÁNDEZ-SANTANA, VIRGINIA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TDR measurement of stem and soil water content in two Mediterranean oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Sciences Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus pyrenaica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus rotundifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem water content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TDR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">921-931</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Since 1990s, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been applied to estimate the stem water content of living trees. Here, new calibration equations relating the apparent dielectric constant (Ka ) to the volumetric water content (?) were developed for two Mediterranean oak species. Our calibration equations differ from those previously calculated for other species, suggesting that stem water contents could be monitored more accurately using species-specific curves. The stem water content in the trees of these species and the surrounding soil were monitored with TDR to examine the feasibility of this technology for recording changes in trunk water storage. The average stem water contents of the oaks reflect the soil water contents, and the temporal differences observed (17%) point to the importance of trunk water for coping with soil water deficit. Although it would be very useful to obtain a single function to estimate the stem water content of trees, it remains necessary to obtain the results in more species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1623/hysj.53.4.921</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1623/hysj.53.4.921</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HERNÁNDEZ-SANTANA, VIRGINIA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TDR measurement of stem and soil water content in two Mediterranean oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Sciences Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus pyrenaica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus rotundifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem water content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TDR</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.4.921</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">921 - 931</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Since 1990s, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been applied to estimate the stem water content of living trees. Here, new calibration equations relating the apparent dielectric constant (Ka ) to the volumetric water content (?) were developed for two Mediterranean oak species. Our calibration equations differ from those previously calculated for other species, suggesting that stem water contents could be monitored more accurately using species-specific curves. The stem water content in the trees of these species and the surrounding soil were monitored with TDR to examine the feasibility of this technology for recording changes in trunk water storage. The average stem water contents of the oaks reflect the soil water contents, and the temporal differences observed (17%) point to the importance of trunk water for coping with soil water deficit. Although it would be very useful to obtain a single function to estimate the stem water content of trees, it remains necessary to obtain the results in more species.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1623/hysj.53.4.921doi: 10.1623/hysj.53.4.921The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safriel, Uriel N.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kepner, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, Jose L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouat, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedrazzini, Fausto</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRYLAND DEVELOPMENT , DESERTIFICATION AND SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridity index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drylands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Security (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vulnerability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water use effciency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227 - 250</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioclimatically, The Mediterranean basin comprises a transition between southern desert (Saharian-Arabian deserts) and northern non-desert (European woodlands). Using UNEP´s aridity classification, the political boundaries of all Mediterranean countries include the whole range of dryland types: from south to north, southern Mediterranean countries which are closer to the Sahara-Arabian deserts than the northern Mediterranean countries, have hyper-arid drylands (true deserts), semi-arid drylands, and dry-subhumid drylands; north Mediterranean countries have semi-arid drylands, dry subhumids drylands, and non- drylands regions – humid areas. The UNCCD does not regard hyper-arid drylands as prone to desertification, hence all Mediterranean countries have within their boundaries areas prone to desertification and areas not prone to desertification; in southern Mediterranean countries not prone to desertification are the southern-most and driest regions, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and driest region, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and least dry regions. The eastern Mediterranean countries – Israel, Lebanon and Syria combined, present the full south- northen gradients of the global drylands. The southernmost of the three, Israel comprises all four dryland types within its boundaries with more than half of its territory prone to desertification, and the analysis of its development, desertification and security can serve as a case study with lessons to the Mediterranean region as a whole. From the dawn history the country has been under intensive land use by humans, including pastoralism and cropping. The new Israel viewed its semi-arid areas, most prone to desertification, as a security risk, and set out to settle them mainly through agricultural development, extensive afforestation projects, rehabilitation of vegetation and restoration of water-related ecosystem services. Exploitation and grazing pressure on the dry subhumid scrublands have been reduced, with fast transition of the vegetation to woodland formation, with restoration of water and soil related ecosystem services. The sustainability if this agricultural development and its potential to avert salinization were driven by transportation of high-quality irrigation water from dry subhumid-generated resources to drier regions. This has been augmented by water conservation hinged on drip irrigation, and by research and extension services. Dry subhumid areas, arid and hyperarid areas have benefited from the agricultural experience gained in the semi-arid region and the infrastructure established to supor tit. Afforestation practices developed for the dry subhumid areas have “migrated” to semi-arid and arid regions. The discovery of geothermal, brackish fossil groundwater and the adaptation of greenhouses to growth houses in dry and hot regions provided farmers with options of intensive cash-crop agriculture and aquaculture – practices that are economic on land use and hence of little if any desertification impact. During its first decades, Israel rehabilitated many previously desertified areas and prevented further desertification. But in recent decades desertification has reemerged. In the dry subhumid areas there is soil salinization, and increasing impenetrability of dry sughumid woodland and “bush encroachment” leading to degraded range quality and woodland fires leading to soil erosion. In the semi-arid areas there is soil erosion of irrigated fields and intensified gully erosion in croplands and rangelands. Salinization of a large scale is expected due to expanding areas of agriculture irrigated with non-desalinated treated wastewater. Thus, rather than generating security problems due to desertification, the attempt to avert security problems by intensified development, eventually lead to desertification.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safriel, Uriel N</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kepner, W G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, Jose L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouat, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedrazzini, Fausto</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRYLAND DEVELOPMENT , DESERTIFICATION AND SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridity index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drylands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Security (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vulnerability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water use effciency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-250</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioclimatically, The Mediterranean basin comprises a transition between southern desert (Saharian-Arabian deserts) and northern non-desert (European woodlands). Using UNEP´s aridity classification, the political boundaries of all Mediterranean countries include the whole range of dryland types: from south to north, southern Mediterranean countries which are closer to the Sahara-Arabian deserts than the northern Mediterranean countries, have hyper-arid drylands (true deserts), semi-arid drylands, and dry-subhumid drylands; north Mediterranean countries have semi-arid drylands, dry subhumids drylands, and non- drylands regions – humid areas. The UNCCD does not regard hyper-arid drylands as prone to desertification, hence all Mediterranean countries have within their boundaries areas prone to desertification and areas not prone to desertification; in southern Mediterranean countries not prone to desertification are the southern-most and driest regions, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and driest region, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and least dry regions. The eastern Mediterranean countries – Israel, Lebanon and Syria combined, present the full south- northen gradients of the global drylands. The southernmost of the three, Israel comprises all four dryland types within its boundaries with more than half of its territory prone to desertification, and the analysis of its development, desertification and security can serve as a case study with lessons to the Mediterranean region as a whole. From the dawn history the country has been under intensive land use by humans, including pastoralism and cropping. The new Israel viewed its semi-arid areas, most prone to desertification, as a security risk, and set out to settle them mainly through agricultural development, extensive afforestation projects, rehabilitation of vegetation and restoration of water-related ecosystem services. Exploitation and grazing pressure on the dry subhumid scrublands have been reduced, with fast transition of the vegetation to woodland formation, with restoration of water and soil related ecosystem services. The sustainability if this agricultural development and its potential to avert salinization were driven by transportation of high-quality irrigation water from dry subhumid-generated resources to drier regions. This has been augmented by water conservation hinged on drip irrigation, and by research and extension services. Dry subhumid areas, arid and hyperarid areas have benefited from the agricultural experience gained in the semi-arid region and the infrastructure established to supor tit. Afforestation practices developed for the dry subhumid areas have “migrated” to semi-arid and arid regions. The discovery of geothermal, brackish fossil groundwater and the adaptation of greenhouses to growth houses in dry and hot regions provided farmers with options of intensive cash-crop agriculture and aquaculture – practices that are economic on land use and hence of little if any desertification impact. During its first decades, Israel rehabilitated many previously desertified areas and prevented further desertification. But in recent decades desertification has reemerged. In the dry subhumid areas there is soil salinization, and increasing impenetrability of dry sughumid woodland and “bush encroachment” leading to degraded range quality and woodland fires leading to soil erosion. In the semi-arid areas there is soil erosion of irrigated fields and intensified gully erosion in croplands and rangelands. Salinization of a large scale is expected due to expanding areas of agriculture irrigated with non-desalinated treated wastewater. Thus, rather than generating security problems due to desertification, the attempt to avert security problems by intensified development, eventually lead to desertification.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>