<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frosch, Birgit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deil, Ulrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freiburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest vegetation on sacred sites of the Tangier Peninsula (NW Morocco) - discussed in a SW-Mediterranean context</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytocoenologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evergreen mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holy forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maghreb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marabout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quercetea ilicis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sacred grove</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269X/2011/0041-0503</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153 - 181</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest stands on sacred sites can document climax or preclimax vegetation. However, little is known about the potential climax character of sacred sites in Morocco. We studied the vegetation of Muslim sacred sites and graveyards in rural regions of the Tangier Peninsula in Northwest Morocco. Sacred sites were chosen according to a pre-stratified random sampling method, taking climatic and edaphic patterns into account. In tree stands of 68 sacred sites 140 phytosociological relevés were sampled and classified. In an attempt to evaluate their degree of preservation, the best preserved holy forests were compared with reference data of similar forest communities, recorded mainly on non-sacred sites in southern Spain and Portugal, and northern Morocco and Algeria. The forested vegetation of sacred sites shows a great variety. Abiotic factors, such as substrate and bioclimate, and human interventions (grazing, fire, a.o.) were found to be important differentiating factors. Besides well-conserved forests, a broad spectrum of degradation stages was documented. Most stands still shelter the original tree species combination, but vertical structure and floristic composition of the herb layer are strongly modified. Processes related to anthropo-zoogenic pressure, like therophytization, ruderalisation and overaging of the tree layer occur despite religious taboos. Near-natural holy forests belong to various subtypes of the Teucrio baetici-Quercetum suberis and the Rusco hypophylli-Quercetum cocciferae. In comparison to forests on non-sacred sites, these holy forests are very well preserved, as is indicated by the presence of strict forest species of the Quercetalia ilicis and the Querco-Oleion sylvestris, by transgressives of the Quercetalia pubescentis, and by a high constancy and abundance of ombro- and mesophilous taxa. Moreover, the comparison of phytosociological data from Morocco and Spain indicated an Ibero-Mauretanian distribution of several Quercus suber communities. In conclusion, sacred groves often seem to represent the potential natural vegetation. Exceptions are sacred groves with Wild Olive, which occur in an ecoregion where a thermomediterranean Quercus suber forest is considered to be the climax.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Stuttgart&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcaillet, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barakat, Hala N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panaïotis, Christophe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loisel, Roger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire and late-Holocene expansion of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinaster on Corsica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evergreen mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fango valley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAB reserve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237246</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85 - 94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract. The natural origin of old Quercus ilex (holm oak) forests on the west coast of Corsica is a matter of dispute. This paper discusses the use of pedoanthracology, especially adapted to approach topics in palaeoecology requiring a high spatial precision. It also shows the importance of fire in vegetation change during the Holocene. Pedoanthracology relies on botanical identification and AMS 14C dating of micro-charcoal found in soil. Three test pits were dug in a forest currently protected within the ‘Man and Biosphere’ program. These pits yielded large quantities of charcoal. There is evidence that Pinus nigra ssp. laricio (laricio pine) and understorey heather species (Ericaceae) played an important role in the vegetation at the beginning of the Subatlantic (ca. 2500 BP). The importance of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine), Quercus ilex and a few mesophilic species increased between 2000 and 1000 BP. Charcoal fragments found in the soil show the role of fire in the vegetation changes recorded. The late expansion of P. pinaster results from a high fire frequency. The hypothesis proposed in the paper suggests that fires destroyed the remaining toxic humus that had accumulated during the millennia which preceded the arrival of Q. ilex to our study sites. The late development of holm oak forest is a combination of the migration of the species and the increase of fire frequency since 2500 BP, most probably resulting from slash-and-burn agriculture.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcaillet, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barakat, Hala N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panaïotis, Christophe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loisel, Roger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire and late-Holocene expansion of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinaster on Corsica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evergreen mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fango valley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAB reserve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract. The natural origin of old Quercus ilex (holm oak) forests on the west coast of Corsica is a matter of dispute. This paper discusses the use of pedoanthracology, especially adapted to approach topics in palaeoecology requiring a high spatial precision. It also shows the importance of fire in vegetation change during the Holocene. Pedoanthracology relies on botanical identification and AMS 14C dating of micro-charcoal found in soil. Three test pits were dug in a forest currently protected within the ‘Man and Biosphere’ program. These pits yielded large quantities of charcoal. There is evidence that Pinus nigra ssp. laricio (laricio pine) and understorey heather species (Ericaceae) played an important role in the vegetation at the beginning of the Subatlantic (ca. 2500 BP). The importance of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine), Quercus ilex and a few mesophilic species increased between 2000 and 1000 BP. Charcoal fragments found in the soil show the role of fire in the vegetation changes recorded. The late expansion of P. pinaster results from a high fire frequency. The hypothesis proposed in the paper suggests that fires destroyed the remaining toxic humus that had accumulated during the millennia which preceded the arrival of Q. ilex to our study sites. The late development of holm oak forest is a combination of the migration of the species and the increase of fire frequency since 2500 BP, most probably resulting from slash-and-burn agriculture.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>