<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganteaume, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guijarro, Mercedes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jappiot, Marielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernando, Carmen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lampin-Maillet, Corinne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Gorostiaga, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vega, José a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory characterization of firebrands involved in spot fires</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Forest Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ember</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">firebrand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability parameters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildfire</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s13595-011-0056-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">531 - 541</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&amp; Introduction Wildfires are considered the most important disturbance in the Mediterranean Basin, and some are propagated over long distances due to lift-off and ignition of firebrands. &amp; Objectives To improve our knowledge of firebrands involved in spotting fires, flammability characteristics of eight types of firebrands commonly generated by wildfires in Southern Europe were determined under laboratory conditions. &amp; Results All the firebrands tested showed 100% ignition frequency but with a wide range of time to ignition and flaming duration. Weight loss during combustion was exponentially related to time, and there was a decrease in the ratio of the weight at temperature T to the initial weight with increasing temperatures. In our experimental conditions, there was a significant effect of fuel moisture content on time to ignition, flaming duration, combustion and thermal decomposition. On the basis of the characteristics analysed, three firebrand groups have been identified in relation to spotting: heavy firebrands with ability to sustain flames, efficient for long-distance spotting (pine cones); light firebrands with high surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short-distance spotting (leaves and thin barks); and light firebrands with low surface-to-volume ratio, efficient for short and, occasionally, long-distance spotting (all the other types of firebands).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cassagne, Nathalie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pimont, Francois</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dupuy, Jean-Luc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linn, Rodman R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mårell, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveri, Chloé</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigolot, Eric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using a fire propagation model to assess the efficiency of prescribed burning in reducing the fire hazard</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FIRETEC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean fuel complexes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prescribed burning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380011000615</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">222</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1502 - 1514</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined how ﬁre hazard was affected by prescribed burning and fuel recovery over the ﬁrst six years following treatment. Eight common Mediterranean fuel complexes managed by means of prescribed burning in limestone Provence (South-Eastern France) were studied, illustrating forest and woodland, garrigue and grassland situations. The coupled atmosphere-wildﬁre behaviour model FIRETEC was used to simulate ﬁre behaviour (ROS, intensity) in these complex vegetations. The temporal threshold related to the effectiveness of prescribed burning in reducing the ﬁre hazard was assessed from derivated fuel dynamics after treatment. The study showed that prescribed burning treatment was effective for the ﬁrst two years in most of the Mediterranean plant communities analysed. Thereafter, all forests and shrublands were highly combustible with a ﬁre line intensity of more than 5000 kW/m except for pine stands with or without oak (medium intensity of 2000 kW m−1 3 years after treatment). Low ﬁre line intensity (900 kW m−1 ) was obtained for grassland which was entirely treatment-independent since the resprouter hemicryptophyte, Brachypodium retusum, is highly resilient to ﬁre. Fire behaviour was greatly affected by fuel load accumulation of Quercus ilex in woodland, and by standing necromass of Rosmarinus ofﬁcinalis in treated garrigue. Pure pine stands with shrub strata similar to garrigue showed a lower ﬁre intensity due to wind speed decrease at ground level under tree canopy, underlining the advantage of maintaining a proportion of canopy cover in strategic fuel-break zones</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue></record></records></xml>