<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordero, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marquez, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguez-Mirasol, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguez, J. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting heating values of lignocellulosics and carbonaceous materials from proximate analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heating value calculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lignocellulosics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016236101000345</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1567 - 1571</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple equation based on proxymate analysis (volatile matter and fixed carbon contents) is presented which allows calculation of the higher heating value of lignocellulosic as well as the charcoals resulting from their carbonization. The equation has been tested with different lignocellulosic wastes and chars obtained from carbobization at different temperatures. Derivations from the experimental heating values fall in most cases below 2%. A comparison is presented with some equationsfrom the literature based on proximate, ultimate and chemical analysis data. As a general conclusion the equation proposed in this paper leads to comparableand in many cases more accurate predictions of heating valus and has the advantage of being applicable to a wide range of carbonaceous materials, requiring only a simple, rapid and cheap proximate analysis of the samples</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcaillet, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barakat, Hala N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panaïotis, Christophe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loisel, Roger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire and late-Holocene expansion of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinaster on Corsica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evergreen mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fango valley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAB reserve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237246</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85 - 94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract. The natural origin of old Quercus ilex (holm oak) forests on the west coast of Corsica is a matter of dispute. This paper discusses the use of pedoanthracology, especially adapted to approach topics in palaeoecology requiring a high spatial precision. It also shows the importance of fire in vegetation change during the Holocene. Pedoanthracology relies on botanical identification and AMS 14C dating of micro-charcoal found in soil. Three test pits were dug in a forest currently protected within the ‘Man and Biosphere’ program. These pits yielded large quantities of charcoal. There is evidence that Pinus nigra ssp. laricio (laricio pine) and understorey heather species (Ericaceae) played an important role in the vegetation at the beginning of the Subatlantic (ca. 2500 BP). The importance of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine), Quercus ilex and a few mesophilic species increased between 2000 and 1000 BP. Charcoal fragments found in the soil show the role of fire in the vegetation changes recorded. The late expansion of P. pinaster results from a high fire frequency. The hypothesis proposed in the paper suggests that fires destroyed the remaining toxic humus that had accumulated during the millennia which preceded the arrival of Q. ilex to our study sites. The late development of holm oak forest is a combination of the migration of the species and the increase of fire frequency since 2500 BP, most probably resulting from slash-and-burn agriculture.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FIGUEIRAL, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARCOAL ANALYSIS and the VEGETATIONAL EVOLUTION of NORTH-WEST PORTUGAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford Journal of Archaeology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paleoecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetational environment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00292.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209 - 222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summary: The palaeoenvironment of north-west Portugal is investigated from the late Bronze Age to Roman times. This research is based on the analysis of charcoal from seven archaeological sites. the results contain important information for a better understanding of the vegetational environment of man during this period. Man-environment relations are also examined.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Figueiredo, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valenzuela, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernalte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encinar, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyrolysis of holm-oak wood: influence of temperature and particle size</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuel</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016236189900677</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1012 - 1016</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pyrolysis of holm-oak wood sawdust was studied to determine the characteristics of the charcoal and the nature and amounts of gases produced. The temperature was varied from 300 to 900 °C and the wood particle size from 0.40 to 2 mm diameter. The fixed carbon content of the charcoal increased with temperature up to 700 °C, and then remained essentially constant. The gases produced were mainly CO, CO2, H2 and CH4. The rate constants and activation energies for the production of each gas were calculated assuming first order kinetics. The composition of the pyrolysis gas produced at each temperature was determined, and its heating value was calculated. Taking into consideration the quality of the charcoal and the heating value of the gases produced, it can be concluded that the optimal pyrolysis temperature is ≈ 600 °C.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue></record></records></xml>