<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dubbert, Maren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosena, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piayda, Arndt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuntz, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, Alexandra Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, João Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werner, Christiane</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of tree cover on herbaceous layer development and carbon and water fluxes in a Portuguese cork-oak woodland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon fluxes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water fluxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation and competition between different vegetation layers may have a large impact on small-scale vegetation development. We propose that this should not only influence overall herbaceous layer yield but also species distribution and understory longevity, and hence the ecosystems carbon uptake capacity especially during spring. We analyzed the effects of trees on microclimate and soil properties (water and nitrate content) as well as the development of an herbaceous community layer regarding species composition, aboveground biomass and net water and carbon fluxes in a cork-oak woodland in Portugal, between April and November 2011. The presence of trees caused a significant reduction in photosynthetic active radiation of 35molm−2d−1 and in soil temperature of 5°C from April to October. At the same time differences in species composition between experimental plots located in open areas and directly below trees could be observed: species composition and abundance of functional groups became increasingly different between locations from mid April onwards. During late spring drought adapted native forbs had significantly higher cover and biomass in the open area while cover and biomass of grasses and nitrogen fixing forbs was highest under the trees. Further, evapotranspiration and net carbon exchange decreased significantly stronger under the tree crowns compared to the open during late spring and the die back of herbaceous plants occurred earlier and faster under trees. This was most likely caused by interspecific competition for water between trees and herbaceous plants, despite the more favorable microclimate conditions under the trees during the onset of summer drought.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rivest, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paquette, Alain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, Gerardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messier, Christian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A meta-analysis reveals mostly neutral influence of scattered trees on pasture yield along with some contrasted effects depending on functional groups and rainfall conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abiotic stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree functional groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree-pasture interaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-79</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattered trees occurring throughout farmland matrix are prominent features of many human-dominated landscapes around the world, especially in livestock grazing systems. They are keystone structures that may play important roles in maintaining ecosystem functions, services, and farmland biodiversity. However, scattered trees in agricultural landscapes are declining worldwide due to intensive land use. They are often perceived by farmers as having negative impacts on agricultural production. Large-scale assessments in different biomes of agricultural yield in scattered tree ecosystems remain rare. Filling this knowledge gap may help improve decision-making regarding the value of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. Using meta-analysis, we found that, across four tree functional groups (deciduous, Eucalyptus, N2-fixing, evergreen oak), mature scattered trees do not compromise pasture yield. The sign and magnitude of scattered tree effects on pasture yield did vary, however, among tree functional groups and according to precipitation levels. Our study suggests that, as drought pressure increases abiotic stress, tree facilitation by N2-fixing trees, and competition by Eucalyptus, will become the more common interactions between scattered trees and pasture. Management options exist to conserve and restore scattered trees in agricultural landscapes, but new policies are required to support their widespread adoption by farmers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rivest, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolo, Víctor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Díaz, Lurdes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, Gerardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment in Mediterranean silvopastoral systems: Retama sphaerocarpa and Cistus ladanifer induce contrasting effects on pasture and Quercus ilex production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overstorey–understorey interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">447-454</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvopastoral systems are threatened worldwide by progressive loss of either tree cover or herbaceous cover due to lack of tree regeneration and shrub encroachment, respectively. Grazed Mediterranean open woodlands, as Iberian dehesa, are an outstanding example of silvopastoral system where shrub encroachment has been proposed as an effective means to facilitate tree seedling recruitment and ensure the system persistence. Shrubs also may interact with pasture understorey and tree overstorey, thereby affecting the overall system productivity. We tested the effects of shrub encroachment on pasture yield, tree growth and acorn production in years of contrasting rainfall in Quercus ilex L. dehesas of centralwestern Spain.We compared the effects oftwo prominentMediterranean shrub species that differ in their ecological strategies: a N2-ﬁxing and sparse deep-rooting shrub (Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss), and a dense shallow-rooting shrub (Cistus ladanifer L). In intermediate and dry years, pasture yield beneath tree canopy was lower by 21–35% than in open grassland. Pasture yield beneath tree canopy was not signiﬁcantly affected during the wet year. C. ladanifer encroachment signiﬁcantly reduced pasture yield by 68–98%, tree growth by 17–29%, and acorn yield by 6–44%. In contrast, R. sphaerocarpa signiﬁcantly increased pasture yield by 11–157% and tree growth by 6–13%, but had a neutral effect on acorn yield. Our results suggest that pasture is more sensitive to shrub encroachment and annual rainfall variation than is Q. ilex. The importance of C. ladanifer competition and R. sphaerocarpa facilitation on pasture yield increased in the driest year. We conclude that the sign and intensity of shrub encroachment effects on pasture and tree production in Mediterranean dehesas are species-speciﬁc and depend on temporal variation as a function of climate.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea-Izquierdo, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cherubini, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cañellas, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree-rings reflect the impact of climate change on Quercus ilex L. along a temperature gradient in Spain over the last 100years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dendroecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-linear response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112711004646</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1807 - 1816</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We analyzed tree rings over the past 100 years to understand the response of Quercus ilex L. to climate change at four different sites along a temperature gradient in a highly anthropogenically transformed ecosystem. To test the hypothesis of a climate change related decrease in productivity at warmer sites, we discuss the effect of historical management on the growth of forest stands and the spatio-temporal variability of growth in response to climate, analyzing departures from linearity in that relationship. We reconstructed stand history and investigated past growth trends using tree-rings. Then we used a dendroecological approach to study the regional, local and age-dependent response to climate, analyzing the relationship between precipitation and tree growth using non-linear mixed models. Tree rings reﬂected the origin of the studied landscape, mainly a simpliﬁcation of an original closed forest and progressive canopy opening for agrosilvopastoral purposes after the mid 1800s. As expected, trees were principally responding to water availability, and regional growth (as expressed by the ﬁrst principal component from the matrix of chronologies) was highly responsive to hydrological year precipitation (r = 0.7). In this water limited ecosystem, the response of growth to precipitation was asymptotic and independent of age, but variable in time. Maximum growth was variable at the different sites and the non-linear function of growth saturated (i.e. reached an asymptote) at temperature dependent site speciﬁc precipitation levels within the range considered in the region to lead a shift towards deciduous species dominated woodlands (around 600 mm, variable with mean temperature). Only trees at warmer sites showed symptoms of growth decline, most likely explained by water stress increase in the last decades affecting the highly transformed open (i.e. low competition) tree structure. Stands at colder locations did not show any negative growth trend and may beneﬁt from the current increase in winter temperatures. Coinciding with the decrease in productivity, trees at warmer sites responded more to moisture availability, exhibited a slower response to precipitation and reached maximum growth at higher precipitation levels than trees at colder sites. This suggests that warmer stands are threatened by climate change. The non-linear response of growth to precipitation described is meaningful for different ecological applications and provides new insights in the way trees respond to climate.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuesta, Bárbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villar-Salvador, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puértolas, Jaime</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacobs, Douglass F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey Benayas, José M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why do large, nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions? A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen remobilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinus halepensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatal conductance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710001957</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">260</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71 - 78</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We analysed the physiological bases that explain why large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have improved survival and growth relative to small seedlings in Mediterranean woodland plantations. Large seedlings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensisMill.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with high N concentration (L+), and small seedlings with either high (S+) or low (S−) N concentration, were planted on two sites of different weed competition intensity that created contrasting stress conditions. Seedling survival, growth, gas exchange, N remobilization (NR) and uptake (NU), and water potential were assessed through the ﬁrst growing season. Weeds reduced survival and growth, but seedling response to weed competition varied among phenotypes and between species. At the end of the ﬁrst growing season, L+ Aleppo pine seedlings had higher survival than both small seedling types in presence of weeds but no differences were observed in absence of weeds. Mortality differences among phenotypes occurred in spring but not in summer. L+ Aleppo pines grew more than small Aleppo pines independently of weed competition. No holm oak seedling type survived in presence of weeds and no mortality differences among phenotypes where observed in absence of weeds, although L+ holm oak seedlings grew more than small seedlings. Mortality and growth differences in Aleppo pine were linked to marked physiological differences among phenotypes while physiological differences were small among holm oak phenotypes. L+ Aleppo pines had greater root growth, gas exchange, NR, and NU than small seedlings, irrespective of their N concentration. Seedling size in Aleppo pine had a greater role in the performance of transplanted seedlings than N concentration. The functional differences among oak phenotypes were small whereas they were large in pine seedlings, which led to smaller differences in transplanting performance in holm oak than in pine. This suggests that the nursery seedling quality improvement for planting in dry sites could depend on the species-speciﬁc phenotypic plasticity and functional strategy. Improved transplanting performance in large Aleppo pine seedlings relative to small seedlings was linked to greater gas exchange, root growth and N cycling.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, MIGUEL a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonet, Francisco J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zamora, Regino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental gradients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2124-2141</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ecological impacts of forest plantations are a focus of intense debate, from studies that consider plantations as ``biological deserts{''} to studies showing positive effects on plant diversity and dynamics. This lack of consensus might be influenced by the scarcity of studies that examine how the ecological characteristics of plantations vary along abiotic and biotic gradients. Here we conducted a large-scale assessment of plant regeneration and diversity in plantations of southern Spain. Tree seedling and sapling density, plant species richness, and Shannon's (H') diversity index were analyzed in 442 pine plantation plots covering a wide gradient of climatic conditions, stand density, and distance to natural forests that act as seed sources. Pronounced variation in regeneration and diversity was found in plantation understories along the gradients explored. Low-to mid-altitude plantations showed a diverse and abundant seedling bank dominated by Quercus ilex, whereas high-altitude plantations showed a virtually monospecific seeding bank of Pinus sylvestris. Regeneration was null in plantations with stand densities exceeding 1500 pines/ha. Moderate plantation densities (500-1000 pines/ha) promoted recruitment in comparison to low or null canopy cover, suggesting the existence of facilitative interactions. Quercus ilex recruitment diminished exponentially with distance to the nearest Q. ilex forest. Richness and H' index values showed a hump-shaped distribution along the altitudinal and radiation gradients and decreased monotonically along the stand density gradient. From a management perspective, different strategies will be necessary depending on where a plantation lies along the gradients explored. Active management will be required in high-density plantations with arrested succession and low diversity. Thinning could redirect plantations toward more natural densities where facilitation predominates. Passive management might be recommended for low-to moderate-density plantations with active successional dynamics (e. g., toward oak or pine-oak forests at low to mid altitudes). Enrichment planting will be required to overcome seed limitation, especially in plantations far from natural forests. We conclude that plantations should be perceived as dynamic systems where successional trajectories and diversity levels are determined by abiotic constraints, complex balances of competitive and facilitative interactions, the spatial configuration of native seed sources, and species life-history traits.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, Miguel A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonet, Francisco J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zamora, Regino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental gradients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pine plantations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2124 - 2141</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ecological impacts of forest plantations are a focus of intense debate, from studies that consider plantations as ``biological deserts{''} to studies showing positive effects on plant diversity and dynamics. This lack of consensus might be influenced by the scarcity of studies that examine how the ecological characteristics of plantations vary along abiotic and biotic gradients. Here we conducted a large-scale assessment of plant regeneration and diversity in plantations of southern Spain. Tree seedling and sapling density, plant species richness, and Shannon's (H') diversity index were analyzed in 442 pine plantation plots covering a wide gradient of climatic conditions, stand density, and distance to natural forests that act as seed sources. Pronounced variation in regeneration and diversity was found in plantation understories along the gradients explored. Low-to mid-altitude plantations showed a diverse and abundant seedling bank dominated by Quercus ilex, whereas high-altitude plantations showed a virtually monospecific seeding bank of Pinus sylvestris. Regeneration was null in plantations with stand densities exceeding 1500 pines/ha. Moderate plantation densities (500-1000 pines/ha) promoted recruitment in comparison to low or null canopy cover, suggesting the existence of facilitative interactions. Quercus ilex recruitment diminished exponentially with distance to the nearest Q. ilex forest. Richness and H' index values showed a hump-shaped distribution along the altitudinal and radiation gradients and decreased monotonically along the stand density gradient. From a management perspective, different strategies will be necessary depending on where a plantation lies along the gradients explored. Active management will be required in high-density plantations with arrested succession and low diversity. Thinning could redirect plantations toward more natural densities where facilitation predominates. Passive management might be recommended for low-to moderate-density plantations with active successional dynamics (e. g., toward oak or pine-oak forests at low to mid altitudes). Enrichment planting will be required to overcome seed limitation, especially in plantations far from natural forests. We conclude that plantations should be perceived as dynamic systems where successional trajectories and diversity levels are determined by abiotic constraints, complex balances of competitive and facilitative interactions, the spatial configuration of native seed sources, and species life-history traits.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea-Izquierdo, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montero, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cañellas, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abiotic stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grass production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10457-009-9211-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375 - 387</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changing biotic and abiotic stress mediate in plant–plant interactions resulting in positive to neutral or negative effects, and these effects can change with gradients of stress or through plant dynamics. Here we studied the variability in annual grass production and composition induced by gradients of intercepted light by trees in years of contrasting precipitation in Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands. Although trees reduce the light radiance received by the pasture community, the presence of trees generally had a positive effect on pasture production in average climatic years where soil fertility was low. However, the interaction changed with increasing abiotic water stress. In a dry year, the increase in fertility could not be utilized and the effect of the crown was neutral. The effect of shade turned out to be beneﬁcial for growth, contrary to the situation in an average climatic year. Light insolation was positive for legume biomass. There was high variability in functional components over the course of the growing period and from 1 year to another. Under low levels of other biotic stresses such as livestock grazing or root competition, the limiting factor among light, soil moisture or soil nutrients may determine whether facilitation or competition occurs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gea-Izquierdo, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montero, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cañellas, I</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abiotic stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grass production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-387</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changing biotic and abiotic stress mediate in plant–plant interactions resulting in positive to neutral or negative effects, and these effects can change with gradients of stress or through plant dynamics. Here we studied the variability in annual grass production and composition induced by gradients of intercepted light by trees in years of contrasting precipitation in Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands. Although trees reduce the light radiance received by the pasture community, the presence of trees generally had a positive effect on pasture production in average climatic years where soil fertility was low. However, the interaction changed with increasing abiotic water stress. In a dry year, the increase in fertility could not be utilized and the effect of the crown was neutral. The effect of shade turned out to be beneﬁcial for growth, contrary to the situation in an average climatic year. Light insolation was positive for legume biomass. There was high variability in functional components over the course of the growing period and from 1 year to another. Under low levels of other biotic stresses such as livestock grazing or root competition, the limiting factor among light, soil moisture or soil nutrients may determine whether facilitation or competition occurs.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benayas, J M R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuesta, Bárbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VILLAR-SALVADOR, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jáuregui, Pedro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life-history traits in an evergreen Mediterranean oak respond differentially to previous experimental environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy volume</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoot/root ratio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Living organisms respond both to current and previous environments, which can have important consequences on population dynamics. However, there is little experimental evidence based on long-term field studies of the effects of previous environments on the performance of individuals. We tested the hypothesis that trees that establish under different environmental conditions perform differently under similar post-establishment conditions. We used the slow-growing, evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia as target species. We analyzed the effects of previous environments, competition effects and tradeoffs among life-history traits (survival, growth, and reproduction). We enhanced seedling establishment for three years by reducing abiotic environmental harshness by means of summer irrigation and artificial shading in 12 experimental plots, while four plots remained as controls. Then these treatments were interrupted for ten years. Seedlings under ameliorated environmental conditions survived and grew faster during early establishment. During the post-management period, previous treatments 1) did not have any effect on survival, 2) experienced a slower above-ground growth, 3) decreased root biomass as indicated from reflectivity of Ground Penetration Radar, 4) increased acorn production mostly through a greater canopy volume and 5) increased acorn production effort. The trees exhibited a combination of effects related to acclimation for coping with abiotic stress and effects of intra-specific competition. In accordance with our hypothesis, tree performance overall depended on previous environmental conditions, and the response was different for different life-history traits. We recommend early management because it increased plot cover, shortened the time to attain sexual maturity and increased the amount of acorn production. Plots such as those assessed in this study may act as sources of propagules in deforested agricultural landscapes thus aiding natural establishment of new plants</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benayas, J. M. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuesta, Bárbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villar-Salvador, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jáuregui, Pedro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life-history traits in an evergreen Mediterranean oak respond differentially to previous experimental environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy volume</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoot/root ratio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www2.uah.es/pedrovillar/PDF/WebEcologyBENAYAS2008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74 - 83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Living organisms respond both to current and previous environments, which can have important consequences on population dynamics. However, there is little experimental evidence based on long-term field studies of the effects of previous environments on the performance of individuals. We tested the hypothesis that trees that establish under different environmental conditions perform differently under similar post-establishment conditions. We used the slow-growing, evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia as target species. We analyzed the effects of previous environments, competition effects and tradeoffs among life-history traits (survival, growth, and reproduction). We enhanced seedling establishment for three years by reducing abiotic environmental harshness by means of summer irrigation and artificial shading in 12 experimental plots, while four plots remained as controls. Then these treatments were interrupted for ten years. Seedlings under ameliorated environmental conditions survived and grew faster during early establishment. During the post-management period, previous treatments 1) did not have any effect on survival, 2) experienced a slower above-ground growth, 3) decreased root biomass as indicated from reflectivity of Ground Penetration Radar, 4) increased acorn production mostly through a greater canopy volume and 5) increased acorn production effort. The trees exhibited a combination of effects related to acclimation for coping with abiotic stress and effects of intra-specific competition. In accordance with our hypothesis, tree performance overall depended on previous environmental conditions, and the response was different for different life-history traits. We recommend early management because it increased plot cover, shortened the time to attain sexual maturity and increased the amount of acorn production. Plots such as those assessed in this study may act as sources of propagules in deforested agricultural landscapes thus aiding natural establishment of new plants</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia Lopez, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytoclimatic versatility and potential diversity of natural arboreal forest cover in peninsular Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGACION AGRARIA-SISTEMAS Y RECURSOS FORESTALES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suitability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INST NACIONAL INVESTIGACION TECHNOLOGIA AGRARIA ALIMENTARIA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CTRA CORUNA KM 7 5, MADRID, 28040, SPAIN</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-307</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multivariate methodology was assayed to evaluate the phytoclimatic versatility of peninsular Spain and how this relates to the potential diversity of natural tree covers. The instances of greatest phytoclimatic versatility occur in a range of altitude between 1000 and 1300 m; these are cool phytoclimates with only short, low-intensity periods of aridity. These factorial ambits of maximum versatility correspond chiefly to the substeppe nemoral subtype VI(VII), followed by genuine nemoral VI and humid nemoromediterranean VI(IV)(2) subtypes. The lowest values of versatility and potential diversity correspond to dry genuine Mediterranean (IV(1)) or transitional Mediterranean IV(VI)(1) subtypes and to alpine oroborealoid or oroarcticoid subtypes. In geographical terms, intermediate mountain areas in the north of the Peninsula and some massifs in the southern half score the highest in the Diversity Index used. The lowest scores are found in the southern half of the Peninsula, although in the northern half low scores are also found for littoral areas, interior areas of the Duero and Ebro basins and alpine areas. Autoecological phytoclimatic spectra headed by stands of Pinus nigra and Quercus petraea present the greatest phytoclimatic versatility, while those headed by Quercus ilex ballota and Pinus uncinata stands present the least versatility. This article offers new methodological horizons for the study of the effects of climate change on plant diversity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia Lopez, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytoclimatic versatility and potential diversity of natural arboreal forest cover in peninsular Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGACION AGRARIA-SISTEMAS Y RECURSOS FORESTALES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suitability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297 - 307</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multivariate methodology was assayed to evaluate the phytoclimatic versatility of peninsular Spain and how this relates to the potential diversity of natural tree covers. The instances of greatest phytoclimatic versatility occur in a range of altitude between 1000 and 1300 m; these are cool phytoclimates with only short, low-intensity periods of aridity. These factorial ambits of maximum versatility correspond chiefly to the substeppe nemoral subtype VI(VII), followed by genuine nemoral VI and humid nemoromediterranean VI(IV)(2) subtypes. The lowest values of versatility and potential diversity correspond to dry genuine Mediterranean (IV(1)) or transitional Mediterranean IV(VI)(1) subtypes and to alpine oroborealoid or oroarcticoid subtypes. In geographical terms, intermediate mountain areas in the north of the Peninsula and some massifs in the southern half score the highest in the Diversity Index used. The lowest scores are found in the southern half of the Peninsula, although in the northern half low scores are also found for littoral areas, interior areas of the Duero and Ebro basins and alpine areas. Autoecological phytoclimatic spectra headed by stands of Pinus nigra and Quercus petraea present the greatest phytoclimatic versatility, while those headed by Quercus ilex ballota and Pinus uncinata stands present the least versatility. This article offers new methodological horizons for the study of the effects of climate change on plant diversity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: CTRA CORUNA KM 7 5, MADRID, 28040, SPAIN&lt;br/&gt;publisher: INST NACIONAL INVESTIGACION TECHNOLOGIA AGRARIA ALIMENTARIA</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cano, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escarre, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sans, F. X.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors affecting the invasion success of Senecio inaequidens and S. pterophorus in Mediterranean plant communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alien invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Park</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water availability fluctuation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02539.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281 - 288</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question: Plant invasions result from complex interactions between species traits, community characteristics and environmental variations. We examined the effect of these interactions on the invasion potential of two invasive Senecio species, S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus, across three Mediterranean plant communities in a natural park. Location: Catalonia, NE Spain. Methods: We carried out two series of experimental seedling transplantations, in the spring and fall of 2003, in grassland, shrubland and Quercus ilex forest. Competition with neighbouring plants and water availability were manipulated. We evaluated the survival, growth and reproduction with respect to each treatment combination. Results: Any habitat can be colonised if disturbance occurs. In the absence of disturbance, shrubland enhanced the survival of seedlings. Competition with resident vegetation dramatically reduced survival in grassland and forest when establishment occurred in the spring. However, establishment in the fall promoted invasion in grassland and shrubland, even in the undisturbed treatment. Grassland allowed the highest growth and reproductive performance of both species while forest was the most resistant habitat to invasion. S. inaequidens had a higher growth rate and a shorter pre-reproductive period than S. pterophorus. S. pterophorus produced more biomass and was more dependent on water availability than S. inaequidens. Conclusions: In the light of our results, we recommend surveying open shrublands and grasslands after periods of rainfall. Special attention should be paid to S. pterophorus, which is currently spreading. A preliminary assessment of the invasive-ness of this plant is given in this study.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caño, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escarré, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sans, F X</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors affecting the invasion success of Senecio inaequidens and S. pterophorus in Mediterranean plant communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alien invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Park</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water availability fluctuation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-288</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question: Plant invasions result from complex interactions between species traits, community characteristics and environmental variations. We examined the effect of these interactions on the invasion potential of two invasive Senecio species, S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus, across three Mediterranean plant communities in a natural park. Location: Catalonia, NE Spain. Methods: We carried out two series of experimental seedling transplantations, in the spring and fall of 2003, in grassland, shrubland and Quercus ilex forest. Competition with neighbouring plants and water availability were manipulated. We evaluated the survival, growth and reproduction with respect to each treatment combination. Results: Any habitat can be colonised if disturbance occurs. In the absence of disturbance, shrubland enhanced the survival of seedlings. Competition with resident vegetation dramatically reduced survival in grassland and forest when establishment occurred in the spring. However, establishment in the fall promoted invasion in grassland and shrubland, even in the undisturbed treatment. Grassland allowed the highest growth and reproductive performance of both species while forest was the most resistant habitat to invasion. S. inaequidens had a higher growth rate and a shorter pre-reproductive period than S. pterophorus. S. pterophorus produced more biomass and was more dependent on water availability than S. inaequidens. Conclusions: In the light of our results, we recommend surveying open shrublands and grasslands after periods of rainfall. Special attention should be paid to S. pterophorus, which is currently spreading. A preliminary assessment of the invasive-ness of this plant is given in this study.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum lusitanicum, an endangered West Mediterranean endemic carnivorous plant: threats and its ability to control available resources</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competitive ability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Droseraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intraspecific competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microdistribution pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed bank</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383 - 390</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link (Droseraceae), Erva pinheira orvalhada, an endangered carnivorous plant, is a local endemic of clearings in pine, cork oak and oak forests or their successional shrublands in the western Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. The conservation status, distribution and population dynamics of this species are only partially known, both for Spanish and Portuguese occurrences. Portuguese distribution data from herbarium and bibliographic sources were collected for this study. Field work on 50 populations was undertaken in order to improve knowledge on their conservation status and possible threats. Natural causes, infrastructure and housing construction are stressed as the most important threats. Germination tests were carried out and the distribution patterns, plant height and the number of flowers were studied in an arbitrarily chosen population. A relatively high light requirement and low competitive ability to gain light are considered factors likely for the microdistribution pattern. Drosophyllum lusitanicum cannot compete for light in habitats with intense competition. Seeds from D. lusitanicum have reduced probability of germination when adult plants are already growing in the area. It is hypothesized that seed germination shows a similar pattern to flowering, viz over a considerable time rather than in a sudden flush. This strategy may be a key factor for the species' survival, representing attempts to take advantage of available resources, preventing intraspecific competition and, finally, preventing sudden total disappearance of a population, resulting from any catastrophic events due to natural causes or to human activity. As a result of this study, some conservation measures are suggested. (C) The Linnean Society of London.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND&lt;br/&gt;publisher: ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correia, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum lusitanicum, an endangered West Mediterranean endemic carnivorous plant: threats and its ability to control available resources</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competitive ability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Droseraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intraspecific competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microdistribution pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed bank</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383-390</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link (Droseraceae), Erva pinheira orvalhada, an endangered carnivorous plant, is a local endemic of clearings in pine, cork oak and oak forests or their successional shrublands in the western Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. The conservation status, distribution and population dynamics of this species are only partially known, both for Spanish and Portuguese occurrences. Portuguese distribution data from herbarium and bibliographic sources were collected for this study. Field work on 50 populations was undertaken in order to improve knowledge on their conservation status and possible threats. Natural causes, infrastructure and housing construction are stressed as the most important threats. Germination tests were carried out and the distribution patterns, plant height and the number of flowers were studied in an arbitrarily chosen population. A relatively high light requirement and low competitive ability to gain light are considered factors likely for the microdistribution pattern. Drosophyllum lusitanicum cannot compete for light in habitats with intense competition. Seeds from D. lusitanicum have reduced probability of germination when adult plants are already growing in the area. It is hypothesized that seed germination shows a similar pattern to flowering, viz over a considerable time rather than in a sudden flush. This strategy may be a key factor for the species' survival, representing attempts to take advantage of available resources, preventing intraspecific competition and, finally, preventing sudden total disappearance of a population, resulting from any catastrophic events due to natural causes or to human activity. As a result of this study, some conservation measures are suggested. (C) The Linnean Society of London.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hermosilla, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardo, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardos, J A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESTRUCTURA Y EVOLUCIÓN DE DOS MASAS MIXTAS DE FRONDOSAS PROCEDENTES DE UN ANTIGUO MONTE ADEHESADO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Congreso Forestal Español Congreso</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open wood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shade tolerance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The presence of an important number of deciduous Central European species in Hayedo de Montejo makes it to be considered a singular place in Madrid. Past traditional practices conditioned the present characteristics of this forest. Two mixed deciduous stands were chosen for its study, both formed by a stratum of old-growth trees and another made up of poles. A vegetation inventory was made around twenty old-growth trees. The influence in the structure and evolution of the stand composed by poles was studied. The species of old-growth tree and the distance were relevant on the structure of the stand grown around them.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tretiach, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolognini, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rondi, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosynthetic activity of Quercus ilex at the extremes of a transect between Mediterranean and submediterranean vegetation (Trieste NE Italy)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FLORA</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photos</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-378</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microclimatic data and CO2 gas exchange rates were measured in the&lt;br/&gt;coastal area near Trieste (NE Italy) in two groups of plants rowing at&lt;br/&gt;the extremes of a floristic-vegetational gradient between an evergreen&lt;br/&gt;Mediterranean maquis on the coast and a winter deciduous&lt;br/&gt;submediterranean woodland on the Karst plateau, where Q. ilex persists&lt;br/&gt;only sporadically but is still a co-dominant tree.&lt;br/&gt;Field data were recorded from sunrise to sunset during the periods of&lt;br/&gt;highest productivity and of maximum physiological stress. i.e. high&lt;br/&gt;temperatures and water deficit in summer, and low temperatures and&lt;br/&gt;strong, dry winds in winter. Photosynthesis was measured with a portable&lt;br/&gt;Infrared Gas Analyzer.&lt;br/&gt;Microclimatic data showed that summer and winter stress were more&lt;br/&gt;intense on the Karst plateau. Assimilation of the coastal population was&lt;br/&gt;higher because a positive CO2 balance was maintained during both stress&lt;br/&gt;periods. During summer drought stress diurnal assimilation of the inland&lt;br/&gt;population was just in balance with nocturnal leaf respiration. In&lt;br/&gt;winter, on the contrary, photosynthetic activity ceased almost&lt;br/&gt;completely for almost a week, due to the lower temperature regime and to&lt;br/&gt;strong, dry winter winds that caused severe mechanical damages and, more&lt;br/&gt;generally, a drastic shortening of the leaf life span.&lt;br/&gt;The competition ability of Q. ilex in ecotonal areas is briefly&lt;br/&gt;discussed on the basis of these results. Winter stress seems to be the&lt;br/&gt;main factor limiting the distribution of Q. ilex northwards.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malo, J E Juan E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suarez, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaca, L A S Boñigas D E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poa, E L Encespedado D E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversidad, Y L A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Un, E N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa, Pastizal D E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LAS BOÑIGAS DE VACA, EL ENCESPEDADO DE POA BULBOSA, Y LA DIVERSIDAD EN UN PASTIZAL DE DEHESA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pastos</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Central Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">centro de españa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competencia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dinámica de pastizales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">excrementos</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbívoros</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasture dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perturbación</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-75</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The interactions of cattle dung pats, the Poa bulbosa Turf and the number of species in a pasture is analyzed at a 10x10 cm scale, through a four-year monitoring of 50 dung pats. Dung pats elimínate the Poa bulbosa Turf, and its recovering takes more than four years. The rest of the species are also displaced by dung pats, but they colonize the gaps much faster. Thus, the number of species by sample is significantly smaller on dung pats the first year after deposition (5-4 vs. 10-8), not distinguishable the second and third years (9-2 vs. 10-0 and 9-3 vs. 8-0), and significantly higher the fourth year after depo- sition (13-8 vs. 10-7). These results seem to be associated to the competitive behaviour of Poa bulbosa. This species colonizes the gaps slowly, but it is able to displace other species from them. The effect of the process is relatively small for the whole pasture due to the small área covered by dung pats. However, due to the uneveness of dung deposi- tion it can contribute to the development of pasture gradients of composition and diver- sity associated to grazing.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>