<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarado, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manjon, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A quantitative and molecular examination of Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizae in Quercus ilex seedlings from different suppliers in Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST SYSTEMS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Certification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mycorrhiza</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRFLP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">truffle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159 - 169</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim of study: The aim of the work was to determine the degree of mycorrhization of Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. by the black truffle fungus T. melanosporum Vittad. by quantitative and molecular analyses. Area of study: seedlings inoculated by different Spanish suppliers. Material and methods: The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of mycorrhizae from different plants were amplified by nested PCR involving fluorescently-labelled primers, and the amplicons either directly sized by ARISA or analysed by TRFLP following their digestion with restriction endonucleases. TRFLP analysis distinguished between mycorrhizae of T melanosporum, T. indicum Cooke &amp; Massee and T. borchii Vittad., as suggested possible by virtual (in silico) TRFLP analysis and real TRFLP analysis of the ascomata of these species. Main results: Significant differences between suppliers were detected in terms of the mean number of mycorrhizae established per plant and percentage mycorrhization. These results allowed the following quality standards for 2 year-old plants to be proposed: a) good quality: &gt;3,000 mycorrhizae/plant, &gt;40% mycorrhization, b) medium (acceptable): &gt;3,000 mycorrhizae/plant, &gt;30% mycorrhization, c) low quality: &lt;3,000 mycorrhizae/plant or &lt;30% mycorrhization, always supposing the mycorrhizae counted represent the species of interest as confirmed by the presence of its DNA and the absence of DNA belonging to contaminating species. Finally, a new microsatellite allelic map obtained from the analysis of several T melanosporum populations across Spain was used to provide a tool capable of determining the geographic origin of the fungi used to inoculate plants. Research highlights: The proposed quality standards can be useful for the evaluation and certification of commercialized Q. ilex plants mycorrhized with T. melanosporum.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: CTRA CORUNA KM 7 5, MADRID, 28040, SPAIN&lt;br/&gt;publisher: INST NACIONAL INVESTIGACION TECHNOLOGIA AGRARIA ALIMENTARIA</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreto, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boas, L. Vilas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneiro, L. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rom, M. V. San</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vilas Boas, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Romão, M. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile Compounds in Samples of Cork and also Produced by Selected Fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2.4.6-trichloroanisole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-trichloroanisole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">volatile compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf200560e</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6568 - 6574</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The production of volatile compounds by microbial communities of cork samples taken during the cork manufacturing process was investigated. The majority of volatiles were found in samples collected at two stages: resting after the ﬁrst boiling and nontreated cork disks. Volatile proﬁles produced by microbiota in both stages are similar. The releasable volatile compounds and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) produced in cork-based culture medium by ﬁve isolated fungal species in pure and mixed cultures were also analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The results showed that 1-octen-3-ol and esters of fatty acids (medium chain length C8C20) were the main volatile compounds produced by either pure fungal species or their mixture. Apparently,Penicillium glabrum is the main contributor to the overall volatile composition observed in the mixed culture. The production of releasable TCA on cork cannot be attributed to any of the assayed fungal isolates.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azul, Anabela Marisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castro, Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, José Paulo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi as indicators of land-use severity in managed woodlands dominated by Quercus suber — a case study from southern Portugal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Forest Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruiting patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tillage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/X09-148</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2404 - 2417</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We assessed the impacts of current management practices used to control shrub strata in Portuguese oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. (montado) on fruiting diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal-forming fungi (ECMF) and saprobic fungi. Fruit bodies were collected over four fruiting seasons in 16 plots (20 m × 20 m) selected in a montado landscape with extensive silvopastoral exploitation. A total of 9484 fruit bodies were found in 171 taxa (74 ECMF, 96 saprobic, and 1 parasitic). Our results show that shrub density control by permanent grazing or by cutting practices followed by soil tillage leads to lower fruiting production and greater changes in taxa composition, particularly for ECMF fruit bodies, than cutting practices without soil tillage. Principal response curve analysis showed that ECMF reacted more sensitively to these practices, in particular Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma cistophilum, Russula cyanoxantha, Cortinarius trivialis, and Lactarius volemus. We also observed that shrub cutting without soil tillage allowed ECMF fruiting to recover to predisturbance levels after 3 years. Our data imply that fruit bodies were useful indicators for assessing the severity of the effects of different land-use practices applied in montado areas on soil fungal populations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1139/X09-148doi: 10.1139/X09-148The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: NRC Research Press</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louro, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calado, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinto, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos-Silva, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epigeous macrofungi of the Parque de Natureza de Noudar in Alentejo (Portugal)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycotaxon</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holm oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iberian peninsula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sporocarps</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2009/00000107/00000001/art00005</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This inventory represents the first list of the epigeous macrofungi collected in Parque de Natureza de Noudar (Barrancos, Alentejo, Portugal). Throughout 3 years 162 taxa were registered, from which 8 are new species for Portugal and 77 for Alentejo. Some of them are considered rare species whereas others have been suggested to acquire a conservation status.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiarucci, Alessandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D'AURIA, FRANCESCA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Dominicis, Vincenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LAGANÀ, ANGELA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERINI, CLAUDIA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SALERNI, ELENA</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using Vascular Plants as a Surrogate Taxon to Maximize Fungal Species Richness in Reserve Design</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species richness (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00202.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1644 - 1652</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract: Fungi are a hyperdiverse taxonomic group that may be disappearing at a very high rate. Identifying fungal species is difficult in the field, and the use of highly specialized taxonomists is required. Data and expertise on vascular plants are, on the other hand, much more common and easy to find. We tested the potential of using vascular plants as surrogates to select reserve sites that maximize the pooled number of fungal species. We used data from 25 forest plots in Tuscany, Italy, that were sampled for woody plants, all other plants, and fungi. Species richness of woody plants and all other plants did not correlate with species richness of fungi. The gradients in species composition were similar among the three considered groups, as indicated by a detrended correspondence analysis ordination and species complementarity between pairs of plots. Fungal communities of the 25 plots had a lower β diversity than plant communities, and there were no pairs of totally complementary sites. Site prioritization for conservation was obtained through integer linear programming to find for any given number of sites those combinations containing the maximum pooled species richness of woody plants or all plants. The combinations of sites obtained by optimizing vascular plant species did not maximize the pooled species richness of fungi, whereas those obtained by maximizing woody plant species provided better results for sets of four to eight plots, but not for all the possible combinations. These results indicated that, in general, vascular plants cannot be used to maximize fungal species richness.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Science Inc</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Criquet, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnet, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagger, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petit, J. Le</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual variations of phenoloxidase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of certain biotic and abiotic factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humic substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laccase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peroxidase</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071700000274</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1505 - 1513</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study concerns ligninolysis phenomena occurring over 13 months in forest litter. Evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) litter was taken as a model because Quercus ilex L. is the most abundant tree species in forests of the French Mediterranean area. Several biotic and abiotic factors potentially involved in transformations of polyphenolic compounds, were measured between October 1997 and October 1998. These factors were: global fungal micro¯ora, the fungi producing phenoloxidases (PO+ ), the activities of several phenoloxidases, hydrosoluble phenols, and temperature, humidity and pH of the litter. Results showed that the annual dynamics of fungi and phenoloxidase activities appear to be seasonal, i.e. that these biotic factors such as, were optimal in autumn. A multiple regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between biotic factors such as, fungal populations and phenoloxidase activity and abiotic factors such as, temperature, humidity and pH. Laccases were the preponderant phenoloxidase activities during the year, while those of Mn-peroxidases only appeared in the autumn of 1997. Other phenoloxidases, lignin-peroxidases and tyrosinases were never detected. Interactions between laccases and humic substances were also investigated. Adsorption of laccases on humic substances leads to a shift in the optimal temperature activity of these enzymes from 50 to 308C. Activities of laccases also shifted towards more acidic values when laccases were not adsorbed on humic substances. Nevertheless, the optimal pH was the same (5.7) whether laccases were adsorbed or not to humic substances. Electrophoresis analysis showed little variations in the number of phenoloxidase isoenzymes. Indeed, laccases showed three isoenzymes during the year (Rf 0.23, 0.34 and 0.43). Only one isoform of Mn-peroxidase, with an Rf 0.21, was detected in the litter</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergero, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perotto, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Girlanda, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vidano, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luppi, a M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi are common root associates of a Mediterranean ectomycorrhizal plant (Quercus ilex)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ectomycorrhizas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erica arborea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ericoid fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi: genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi: isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungi: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean Region</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Diseases: microbiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Roots</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Roots: microbiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restriction Fragment Length</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribosomal Spacer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees: microbiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11050558http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01059.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1639 - 1649</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhiza samples of neighbouring Quercus ilex and Erica arborea plants collected in a postcutting habitat were processed to see whether plants differing in mycorrhizal status harbour the same root endophytes. Three experiments were performed in parallel: (i) isolation, identification and molecular characterization of fungi from surface-sterilized roots of both plant species; (ii) re-inoculation of fungal isolates on axenic E. arborea and Q. ilex seedlings; (iii) direct inoculation of field-collected Q. ilex ectomycorrhizas onto E. arborea seedlings. About 70 and 150 fungal isolates were obtained from roots of Q. ilex and E. arborea, respectively. Among them, Oidiodendron species and five cultural morphotypes of sterile isolates formed typical ericoid mycorrhizas on E. arborea in vitro. Fungi with such mycorrhizal ability were derived from both host plants. Isolates belonging to one of these morphotypes (sd9) also exhibited an unusual pattern of colonization, with an additional extracellular hyphal net. Ericoid mycorrhizas were also readily obtained by direct inoculation of E. arborea seedlings with Q. ilex ectomycorrhizal tips. Polymerase chain–restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses of the shared sterile morphotypes demonstrate, in the case of sd9, the occurrence of the same genet on the two host plants. These results indicate that ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associate with ectomycorrhizal roots, and the ecological significance of this finding is discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 11050558</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callot, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaillard, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braye, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jalade, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence des caractéristiques structurales du sous-sol sur l'entrée en production de Tuber melanosporum et d'autres champignons mycorhiziens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agronomie</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autoecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">limestone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhizas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subsoil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19960701</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">405 - 419</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of structural characteristics of subsoil on the fruiting of Tuber melanosporum and other mycorrhizal fungi. The collection sites for ascocarps of Tuber melanosporum Vitt were noted over four consecutive years in a truffle bed of live oaks (Quercus ilex) mycorrhized by T melanosporum. The mycorrhizas of Tuber and other fungi were checked 11 years after planting. At the same time, a detailed soil survey made it possible to distinguish different soil units within the truffle bed. Cartographic analysis of the data set showed that the mycorrhizal status and the location of the fungus collection sites were related to the structural characteristics of the subsoil. The presence of a slightly permeable clay subsoil discourages fruiting in both epigeal and hypogeal fungi. Soils presenting a shallow calcareous crust discourage the growth of hypogeal Tuber-type fungi, but encourage that of epigeal fungi. T melanosporum grows best in soils with a very porous horizon developed in contact with the calcareous bedrock. This horizon (termed Bbio by the authors) is characterized by an intensive biological activity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue></record></records></xml>