<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaffhauser, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borgniet, Laurent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dumas, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estève, Roland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganteaume, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jappiot, Marielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Willy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N’Diaye, Aminata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poilvet, Benjamin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter flammability in oak woodlands and shrublands of southeastern France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire ignition hazard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-source ignition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710007024</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2214 - 2222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing the ﬂammability of litter fuels is of major importance for assessing wildland ﬁre ignition hazard. Here we compared the ﬂammability of litter within a mosaic of Quercus suber (cork oak) woodlands and shrublands in a Mediterranean ﬁre-prone area (Maures massif, southeastern France) to test whether the characteristics and the ﬂammability of litter vary with the vegetation types. We tested experimentally the ignitability, the sustainability, the combustibility and the consumability of undisturbed (=non-reconstructed) litter samples with a point-source mode of ignition. Although the frequency of ignition was similar between all the vegetation types, we distinguished four groups having litter of speciﬁc composition and ﬂammability: low and sparse shrublands dominated by Cistus species, medium shrublands with cork oak, high Erica shrublands with sparse cork oak woodlands, and mixed mature oak woodlands with Q. suber, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens. As these vegetation types corresponded to a speciﬁc range of past ﬁre recurrence, we also tested the effect of the number of ﬁres and the time since the last ﬁre on litter ﬂammability. Litters of plots recurrently burned had low ability to propagate ﬂames and low ﬂame sustainability. We discuss how the recent ﬁre history can modify vegetation and litter ﬂammability, and thus the ﬁre ignition hazard.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hachmi, M'Hamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sesbou, Abdessadek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjelloun, Hassan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Handouz, Nesrine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouanane, Fadoua</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Simple Technique to Estimate the Flammability Index of Moroccan Forest Fuels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Combustion</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morocco (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jc/2011/263531/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A formula to estimate forest fuel flammability index (FI) is proposed, integrating three species flammability parameters: time to ignition, time of combustion, and flame height. Thirty-one (31)Moroccan tree and shrub species were tested within a wide range of fuel moisture contents. Six species flammability classes were identified. An ANOVA of the FI-values was performed and analyzed using four different sample sizes of 12, 24, 36, and 50 flammability tests. Fuel humidity content is inversely correlated to the FI-value, and the linear model appears to be the most adequate equation that may predict the hypothetical threshold-point of humidity of extinction. Most of the Moroccan forest fuels studied are classified as moderately flammable to flammable species based on their average humidity content, calculated for the summer period from July to September.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Table 1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baeza, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santana, V. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pausas, J. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallejo, V. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successional trends in standing dead biomass in Mediterranean basin species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early and late species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retaining dead fuel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species replacement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successional stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody species</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01262.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467 - 474</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question: Landscape models of fire occurrence in ecosystems assume that the time since the last fire determines vegetation flammability by enabling the accumulation of dead biomass. In this study we ask if Mediterranean basin shrublands respond to these models or, on the contrary, if initial successional stages in these ecosystems could be more flammable than later stages. Location: Mediterranean shrubland in the Valencia region, eastern Spain. Methods: Using different stages of vegetation development (5, 9, 14 and 26 years since the last fire), we first study the structural comiosition of the above-ground biomass in 375 individuals of nine woody species. Then, we measure how the standing dead biomass varies during succession, taking into account the surface cover of each species and the quantity of total dead biomass accumulated in different successional stages (3, 9, 14 and 26 years since the last fire). Results: The largest amount of standing dead biomass at the plant community level is observed in the middle stages of the succession. Early successional species, such as Cistus spp., Ulex parviflorus and Pinus halepensis, have a higher percentage of standing dead biomass at earlier stages in the succession than species typical of later successional stages, e.g. Juniperus oxycedrus, Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex. Conclusions: The results suggest that monotonic increase in fire hazard with increasing stand age is not necessarily the rule in Mediterranean basin shrublands, since early successional species may accumulate large amounts of standing dead biomass and thus promote fire at early successional stages.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimitrakopoulos, A. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papaioannou, K. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flammability assessment of Mediterranean forest fuels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ignitability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural fuels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildland fires</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/P743753545V4L030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143 - 152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The time-to-ignition of variousdominant Mediterranean forest fuelswasmeasured during laboratory tests, in order to develop a relative ﬂammability classiﬁcation and determine the moisture of extinction of these fuels. The tests were performed with an ignition apparatusmanufactured according to the ISO standards(ISO 5657-1986E) and under a wide gradient of fuel moisture contents, ranging from air-dry to fresh foliage. Moisture content was the single most signiﬁcant factor that affected fuel ﬂammability. Regression modelswere developed between the time-to-ignition and the moisture content valuesof all the fuels tested, and subsequently, were used for the relative ﬂammability ranking of these fuels. Fuel moisture of extinction was assessed to have a threshold value ranging from 40% to more than 140% o.d.w. for the species tested. The ﬂammability ranking of natural fuels can be useful in fuel hazard assessment and ﬁre danger rating, thus facilitating the judicial ﬁre management planning in wildlandsand at the rural-urban interface.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimitrakopoulos, A P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papaioannou, K K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flammability assessment of Mediterranean forest fuels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flammability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ignitability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural fuels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildland fires</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The time-to-ignition of variousdominant Mediterranean forest fuelswasmeasured during laboratory tests, in order to develop a relative ﬂammability classiﬁcation and determine the moisture of extinction of these fuels. The tests were performed with an ignition apparatusmanufactured according to the ISO standards(ISO 5657-1986E) and under a wide gradient of fuel moisture contents, ranging from air-dry to fresh foliage. Moisture content was the single most signiﬁcant factor that affected fuel ﬂammability. Regression modelswere developed between the time-to-ignition and the moisture content valuesof all the fuels tested, and subsequently, were used for the relative ﬂammability ranking of these fuels. Fuel moisture of extinction was assessed to have a threshold value ranging from 40% to more than 140% o.d.w. for the species tested. The ﬂammability ranking of natural fuels can be useful in fuel hazard assessment and ﬁre danger rating, thus facilitating the judicial ﬁre management planning in wildlandsand at the rural-urban interface.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>