6. Plant growth regulator effects in the invitro propagation of three hardwood tree genera: Castanea, Juglans, and Quercus - Schwarz, O. J. (Plant growth regulation, 1987)
Castanea, Juglans, and Quercus are genera containing hardwood forest species that are difficult to propagate asexually by conventional means. Their in vitro clonal propagation would assist forest tree improvement and silvacultural research. The research efforts in clonal propagation of these three genera are reviewed with respect to plant growth regulator effects as they are related to primary explant source, multiple shoot formation, somatic embryogenesis, rooting, and transfer to soil.
Keywords: growth regulators; in vitro culture (voyant); shoot proliferation

THE IMPORTANCE OF TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR AMONG BLUE TITS (PARUS-CAERULEUS) BREEDING IN A HOLM OAK FOREST - Clamens, A. (Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie, 1987)
In a ringed population of Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus) living in a Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) forest of Languedoc, Southern France, and provided with artificial nest-boxes, territorial behaviour plays a major role in limiting the number of breeding pairs. The experimental removal, or the spontaneous disappearance, of a breeding pair is followed by an increase in size of the territories of the neigbouring pairs, or by the arrival of non-ringed juvenile individuals settling in the vacant territory. In a Holm Oak forest without artificial nest-boxes, territorial behaviour does not play such a role, as the major limiting factor in that case is the number of available tree-holes. Pairs of Blue Tits settled on territories where Downy Oaks (Quercus pubescens) are mixed with Holm Oaks, lay their eggs four days earlier on the average, than Blue Tits breeding in pure Holm Oak forest. However, the number of fledglings per brood, and their body weight at 15 days of age, tend to be smaller. The benefit of a later laying date in pure Holm Oak forest quite likely lies in a better synchronization of the maximum nutritional requirements of the young, and of the period of maximum food availability in the environment.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: label: Biodiversidade
Keywords: Biodiversidade; breeding pairs; France; holm oak forests; nest-boxes; Parus caeruleus; Quercus ilex

NEOFORMATION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS-LIKE STRUCTURES FROM CORK-OAK (QUERCUS-SUBER L) TISSUE-CULTURES - ELMAATAOUI, M.; ESPAGNAC, H. (COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III-SCIENCES DE LA VIE-LIFE SCIENCES, 1987)
Embryoid-like formations were induced on cork-oak (Quercus suber L.) calluses grown in vitro on Murashige and Skoog's médium, supplemented with IBA and BAP. Thèse formations rapidly differenciated an apical meristem, flanked with two cotylédons, and a radicular meristem on the opposite end. In most cases embryoids' development stopped there, as if meristems became dormant immediately after their organization. But under certain culture conditions these somatic embryos can produce a great number of secondary embryoids. This multiplication capacity seems to be maintained over generations
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 127 AVE DE LA REPUBLIQUE, 92120 MONTROUGE, FRANCE publisher: JOHN LIBBEY EUROTEXT LTD

Structural studies of a hemicellulose B fraction from the cork of Quercus suber - Asensio, Amparo (Carbohydrate Research, 1987)
Polysaccharide B-2 contains xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, 4-0-methylglucuronic acid, and rhamnose in the molar ratio of 17: 12: 12:6:4: 1. The polysaccharide has a backbone of P(1-4)- and P( 1-3)-linked glucopyranosyl, P(lk4)-linked xylopyranosyl, and (1-4)- and (1-6)-linked galactopyranosyl residues. Arabinofuranosyl, rhamnopyranosyl, and some xylopyranosyl and galactopyranosyl groups are present as nonreducing end units. Glucopyranosyluronic acid side chains are attached at 0-2 of some xylose residues. The anomeric configurations of the different glycosyl groups were determined by a study of the chromium trioxide oxidation of the acetylatcd polysaccharide and by nuclear magnetic reasonance spectra of the methylated polysaccharide.
PGPG
Keywords: acid hydrolysis; chromium trioxide oxidation; methylation analysis; NMR; Polysaccharide B-2; Structural analysis

Orígenes y expansión de la dehesa en el término de Cáceres - García Oliva, M. Dolores (Studia historica. Historia medieval, 1986)

Effects of temperature at constant air dew point on leaf carboxylation efficiency and CO 2 compensation point of different leaf types - Weber, J. A.; Tenhunen, J. D.; Lange, O. L. (Planta, 1985)
The effect of temperature on photosyn- thesis at constant water-vapor pressure in the air was investigated using two sclerophyll species, Ar- butus unedo and Quercus suber, and one meso- phytic species, Spinacia oleracea. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured over a range of temperatures, 20-39 ~ C. The external concentra- tion of CO 2 was varied from 340 ~tbar to near CO 2 compensation. The initial slope (carboxylation effi- ciency, CE) of the photosynthetic response to inter- cellular CO 2 concentration, the CO 2 compensation point (/-), and the extrapolated rate of CO 2 re- leased into COa-free air (Ri) were calculated. At an external CO 2 concentration of 320-340 labar CO2, photosynthesis decreased with temperature in all species. The effect of temperature on F was similar in all species. While CE in S. oleracea changed little with temperature, CE decreased by 50% in Q. suber as temperature increased from 25 to 34 ~ C. Arbutus unedo also exhibited a de- crease in CE at higher temperatures but not as marked as Q. suber. The absolute value of Ri in- creased with temperature in S. oleracea, while changing little or decreasing in the sclerophylls. Variations in F and Ri of the sclerophyll species are not consistent with greater increase of respira- tion with temperature in the light in these species compared with S. oleracea.
Keywords: Carboxylation efficiency; Compensation point (CO2); Photosynthesis (temperature-humidity); Sclerophyll; Transpiration

Variación estacional de la composición mineral en pastizales de dehesa - GARCÍA CIUDAD, A.; MORENO DOMÍNGUEZ, A.; GARCÍA CRIADO, B. (Pastos, 1981)
The seasonal variations in the concentrations of sahes, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the pasture lands of a dehesas in the Pro- vince of Salamanca are studied. The sampling was monthly and took place during the period from September 1978 to October 1979. In general, the contení of ashes, N, P and K evolves in a similar ma- nner, reaching highest valúes in spring and lowest valúes in summer. Ho- wever, the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Mn show sharp oscilations at zone or fasture-type level. Those of Na, Cu and Zn are totally different from eteach other, but while in the Na concentration there are scarce fluc- tuations throughout the seasons, there are marked variations in the other tvvo. The elements Mg and Na are outstanding due to their relatively low concentrations which lie between 0 03 and 0.15% and 0.02 and 0.14% for the former and the latter, respectively. In the pasture land of the dehesa studied, it is usual to find deficien- cies in the elements Na, Cu and Zn throughout the year, while it is only in spring that the concentrations of N, P, Ca and Mg rise above the cri- tical levéis of an adequate nutrition for rumiants.
Keywords: composición mineral; Dehesa; pastizales; variación estacional (voyant)

Feeding behaviour of autumn passage migrants in north east Portugal - Ferns, Peter N. (Ringing & Migration, 1975)
IN THE SUMMER and autumn of 1973, a mist netting site in the sparsely wooded hill country of north east Portugal was continuously manned by members of the Iberian Ringing Group. The main objective was to study the increases in weight of trans-Saharan passerine migrants which use this particular area as a staging post on their southward journey (Mead 1968). These migrants arrive on the central Iberian plateau towards the end of a long, dry summer, at a time when conditions appear relatively inhospitable. Yet Willow Warblers* and Pied Flycatchers gain over 0.2 g/day in weight, while Whitethroats increase by over 0.4 g/day (C. J. Mead and B. R. Watmough in prep.). Though this is somewhat less than, for example, the 0.6 g/day gained by Whitethroats at Lake Chad, Nigeria, in preparation for the return journey to the Palaearctic in spring (Fry. Ash and FergusonLees 1970), it still suggests that reasonable food supplies are available. In order to determine the nature of the foods being taken by these migrants, a series of observations were made during late August and early September 1973 in association with mist-netting activities.
doi: 10.1080/03078698.1975.9673692doi: 10.1080/03078698.1975.9673692The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Feeding activity; Feeding habits (PG); migration; passerines

On the forest history of the Dalmatian coast - Beug, Hans-Jürgen (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1967)
The Postglacial history of the vegetation of southern Dalmatia is studied by means of pollen analysis of the lake deposits of the Malo Jezero on the island Mljet. The pollen diagrams reflect four forest periods: 1. (1) Period A: period of deciduous oak forest. About 7,000 (beginning of sedimentation)-5,600 B.C. 2. (2) Period B: Juniperus-Phillyrea period. Beginning of eu-mediterranean climate conditions. 5,600-4,300 B.C. 3. (3) Period C: Quercus ilex period. 4,300-about 200 B.C. 4. (4) Period D: Pinus-Quercus ilex period. Sediments of the last 1,900−2,000 years are lacking.
Keywords: Pollen analysis; Postglacial; vegetation history (PG)

Une flore d'âge ougartien (seconde partie du quaternaire moyen) dans les monts d'ougarta (Sahara Nordoccidental) - Beucher, Françoise (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1967)
The analysis of a series of samples carried out in the versicoloured conglomerates of the “Oued Farès” (Ougarta Mountains, western Sahara) gives the first conception of what the vegetation was like in this region throughout the Ougartian (second phase of the Middle Quaternary). Superimposing on the herbaceous layer which widely represents the desert-like xerophyte element, the arborescent flora bears the imprint of diverse influences: a typical Mediterranean influence (Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis, Cedrus cf. atlantica, Oleaceae, Anacardiaceae, Vitis, Argania); an influence undoubtedly of the mountainous zones of the eastern Mediterranean (Alnus, Ulmus, Carpinus betulus, Salicaceae), and finally a tropical influence (Acacia, cf. Sapindaceae). If one should attempt to characterize the three main episodes which the stratigraphy permits one to distinguish in these formations studied on the spot (Lower Ougartian, Middle Ougartian, Upper Ougartian), one can recognize from the Lower Ougartian a relatively dry period both preceded and followed by a more humid phase; during the Middle Ougartian the climatic conditions favourize the simultaneous blooming of Mediterranean species and those of the outer Sahel; the Upper Ougartians remains poorly characterized by a very limited number of pollen grains.
Keywords: Climatic conditions; Middle Quartenary; Ougarta Mountains; vegetation history (PG)

The Twig Wasp of Cork Oak - Its Biology and Control - BAILEY, STANLEY F.; STANGE, LIONEL A. (Journal of Economic Entomology, 1966)
Cork oak (Quercus suber L.), the principal source of commercial cork, was introduced to this country in 1858 from acorns sent from Spain. For Many years no pests were noted. In 191R the twig wasp Plagiotrochus suberi Weld, not described until 1926, was observed injuring the tree in California. It has since become a pest, particularly when the cork oak is planted as an ornamental or shade tree. The larvae feed within a jellylike matrix in the small twigs. The resulting dead twigs on the infested trees pn,- sent an unsightly, brushy appearance. The wasp has 1 generation a year. The agamic females emerge from the twigs via a small round hole in May. They are very weak fliers and remain close to the twigs on which they originated. Oviposition is in the twig growth of the previous year. The eggs hatch in late summer and the larvae develop slowly, pupating the following April. The insect has been found in Switzerland and Portugal (where it probably originated) only in the past few years. The time and manner of introduction into California are not known. In North America the wasp is found only in California. Only moderate control has been obtained with sprays of lindane and carbaryl directed against the adult stage. A European aphid, Myzocallis borneri Stroyan, is now a pest of the cork oak in California. This record is new. Other insect pests of the tree in this country are of very minor importance.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: label: California;Plagiotrochus suberi;cork oak;twig wasp (PG)
Keywords: California; Cork oak; Plagiotrochus suberi; twig wasp (PG)

Note floristiche e fenologiche nel territorio di Arneo (Fra Taranto e Gallipoli) - Ferente, Adriana (Giornale botanico italiano, 1952)
Summary The author describes the vegetation and phenology of a Quercus Ilex wood in the Comprensorio dell'Arneo, betwen Taranto and Gallipoli along the eastern shore of the Ionian Sea (Golfo di Taranto). The wood consists partly of a degraded bushy vegetation. The wood was visited eleven times during the year and each time species found flowering were noted (Table at pp 296?301): the greatest number of them, many being therothytes, was found on April 21rst (fig. 2) with about a month's delay in comparison with Palestine (Gindel). In May there is a considerable i decrease in number of species flowering. In summer and winter, because of drought and low temperature very few species, mostly geophytes, were found flowering, and only slightly but markedly more in Autum.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Phenology; Quercus ilex; Taranto Golf

Buxus Balearica Willd., Elemento Mediterraneo-Occidentale della Sardegna - Martinoli, Giuseppe (Giornale botanico italiano, 1950)
Summary The occurance of Buxus balearica Willd. in Sardinia, already reported by Gennari (1864), and its indigenous state are confirmed by the present study. Its station and geographic distribution as well as the biocenosis in which this species takes part (Barbusi near Sulcis in S. Sardinia) are considered. The study of the Barbusi station, in comparison with others hitherto known, brings a general confirmation to Chiarugi's view concerning the mountainous origin of the mediterranea elements. Besides, it emphasizes the differences between the stations of B. balearica, an element of the mediterranea ?macchia?, and those of B. sempervirens, an undergrowth element of mesophilous formations (deciduous woods), which only rarely belonges to more termophilous bioceneses. The author notes that both species belong to the same stage of Q. Ilex and that the altitude range in which the Q. Ilex stage is comprised is very wide in the different mediterranean regions. In addition, the author emphasizes that Buxus sempervirens occurs in Corsica and Atlas up to the upper limit of Quercetum Ilicis, together with species belonging to higher stages, whilst Buxus balearica belongs to the lower limit of Quercetum Ilicis in the underzone ?Olea-Ceratonia?. The altimetric separation of these species is, therefore, obvious. Due to the compenetration of floras of mountainous origin during the phases of the Ice-period, the knowledge of the segregation epoch of these species from each other is made impossible. Buxus balearica occupies actually as eocene substratum and, therefore, shows edaphic exigences for soils of a certain age: a condition not occurring for Buxus sempervirens. Both Buxus species, together with other horeal-tertiary ones (all constituting actually, in the mediterranea countries, a special relict flora) belong to the Lauretum, in a historic sense (Chiarugi).
doi: 10.1080/11263505009431487doi: 10.1080/11263505009431487The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Buxus balearica; geographic distribution; origin (PG); Sardinia

Cork and its uses - Cooke, Giles B. (Journal of Chemical Education, 1931)
Cork is the bark of the cork oak which i s found along the shores of the West- ern Mediterranean. When the tree is twenty years old the cork i s stripped from the trunk and at nine-year intewals thereafter. Cork i s composed of tiny air-filled cells held together by a natural resinous binder. Because of this structure cork i s light, compressible, resilient, and waterproof. Cork has a low thermal conductivity and a high coefficient of friction. Cork has b e a shown to contain tannins, phlobaphaes, lignin, and cerin. Glycerin and several acids h o e been obtained by saponification. Natural cork is used to manufacture stoppers, life presewers, and many other articles. Scraps of cork are ground and used i n the manufacture of cork composition from which gaskets, polishing wheels, crown seels, and numerous other articles are made. Corkboard for insulation and cork tile, cork carpet, and linoleum for floors, are manufactured from cork.
doi: 10.1021/ed008p1462doi: 10.1021/ed008p1462The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society
Keywords: Cork; cork cells; Cork composition; natural cork; uses (voyant)

O passado, o presente eo futuro dos montados. Estudo económico agrícola no Distrito de Beja - Carvalho, E. F. N. (1870)
NA
Keywords: Beja; montado; Quercus rotundifolia; Quercus suber